sociology midterm #2

sex

biology (vulva/penis)

gender

socialization = perception, performative

gender bias

prejudice/ discrimination on basis of gender (more inclusive then sexism)

sexism

operates on sex as the basis for prejudice/ presumed inferiority

language use

how we speak signifies gender/reproduces gender relations (language external to us)

gender-role socialization

parent most crucial agents of socialization

sports: one of the most symbolically important institutions for gender socialization

patriarchy (stratification)

system of social organization that recognizes, encourages, reproduces male domination

patriarchy and rape culture

image of heterosexual sex based on model of aggressive male/passive female

based assertions of critical race theory

racism “normal” and endemic to local life (little incentive for whites to deal with racism)

racism

attitude that some human groups (*social* defined by biology) are superior/inferior to other groups (blatant and subtle)

an outcome of institution racism

disadvantages create groups of people with limited access to resources

white talk

justice language is informed by “white talk” or ways that white people “talk themselves out of” being responsible for racism (colour-blind)

controlling language

speech tactics to distance individual from engaging in a critique of their own whiteness

derailing conversations, avoid question, dismiss counterarguments

creates “culture of niceness”

racism (and anti-racism)

racism is part of a larger, systemic, structural, and deeply ingrained cultural practices

race and ethnicity

race is a social and refers to the division of people based on their physical characteristics

ethnicity: refers to the cultural heritage

major difference: race imposed externally and ethnicity imposed internally

stratification

the human is a fundamentally unequal one

all known societies have been characterized by inequalities of some kind

ascriptive process of stratification

traits present at birth that influence social standing of individual

can lead to formative of collective action

ascription viewed as undesirable in modern societies (law remedy)

prejudice and discrimination

prejudice negative attitudes about an entire category of people (learned - thoughts)

discrimination are unfair actions based on prejudice

stereotypes

creates symbolic boundaries between peoples and cultures (relies on essentialism fallacy)

Karl Popper’s - paradox of tolerance

the extension of tolerance to those who are openly intolerant will destroy tolerance and those who are tolerant

defending tolerance therefore must not include the intolerant

socialization

some biological preconditions cognitive ability

the gesture

significant symbols are gestures that process meaning

anticipatory socialization

refers to the preparation for status changes and role transitions into status not yet occupied conformity/ opposition to norm standards

socialization and moral development

morality not a prior to society

Cooley looking glass self

our idea of our self derives from this process:

1. the imagination of our appearance to the other person

2. the imagination of their judgment

3. self-feeling

George herbert mead

social precess individual mind

Mead’s generalized other

the attitudes of the entire community

meads “I” and “me” - the self

“I” is the individual response to the attitude of the community (individual identity) (impulsive self)

“me” is the internalized generalized other (or the socialized part of individual) (social self)

the “I” acts against the “me”

meads “things” to “objects”

“things” (independent of individual) converted to “objects” (social) through acts

agents of socialization: workplace

alienation manner in which a person feels disconnected/withdrawn from surroundings

alienation from human species

humans are meant to experience life in a collective manner

alienation from humans

competition becomes purpose of life

human relationships become economic

private interest and economic gain

one ruling class as benefactor of all labour

gendered based violence

violence committed against a person because of their gender

sexual misconduct

deinfined as the public awareness of woman’s lived experiences of unwanted and uninvited sexually inappropriate conduct, accompanied by the widespread cultural recognition that such experiences are, in fact, commonplace

conceptual distinctions

sexual misconduct is “a social issue” with no “fixed line”

sexual harassment legally distinct from misconduct and enshrined in numerous laws.

pogontrophy

refers to beard cultivation (e.g., growth and grooming practices

four beard periods

1. 2nd century, emperor Hadrian, roman leader

2. Middle Ages, kings/knights favour beards

3. renaissance periods, 1500s

4. late 19th century, fourth period

contemporary masculine status

given that a clean-shaven face remains the norms, beard perceived as masculine personal statement

beards

recognized as a secondary sex characteristic associated with men

patriarchy and feminist waves

first wave (legal rights) focused on patriarchy in government institutions

second wave illustrated patriarchy in debates over family leave, divorce, sexual harassment

patriarchy continues to be observed and reproduced in military, region, media-sports

nature vs. nurture

what makes us who we are

w\the genes wer are born with

environment in which were grew up in

socialization

socialization lifelong process that teaches norms, values, and cultures to group member

facet of socialization

concept of socialization used examine:

• what makes society possible

• the nature of social order

• reproduction of social organization

• formation of personalities

• social control/devience

levels of socialization

social level: helps explain how large numbers of individuals come successfully to cooperate and adapt to the demands of social life.

organization level: summarizes process by which newcomers to groups/organization are transformed from outsiders to members

personal level: social and cultural shaping and development of the mental, emotional, and behaviour abilities of individuals.

functionalist approach

learn to function in a society by interacting with others in accordance with social roles

marxist & feminist

shared concerns of power/ inequality

each approach contends that socialization is a basic mechanism of social control

agents of socialization

mediae process between self, social organization, and broader social conditions

culture

culture refers to language, beliefs, values, norms, bahviorsg and material objects

subculture

subculture is subset of the dominant culture, has distinct values, beliefs, norms

definition of the situation

social situation can now be defined entirely absent from actual interaction

culture and deviance

subcultures, organized and developed around meanings citron,identity, status and maintained through style.

emergent censorship - key dates

MTV (1981) exposes content to younger demographic

PMRC (1985) headed by tipper gore (Parental advisory sticker)

Ice-T (1986) relates “6 in da mornin”

2 live Crew (1989) releases as nasty as they wanna be

body count’s “Cop Killer”

negative media discourse crystallized with the releases of Body Counts Cop KIller (1992)

The censorship frame

mass media reports connect music and culturally agreed upon perception of crime and deviance

The lifelong social learning a person undergoes in order to become a capable member of society, though social interaction with other and in response to social pressure, is called ____

socialization

Resocialization is sometimes involuntary and takes a place in what Erving Goffman (1961) call a ____ institution.

total

The way that others categorize people by visible characteristics and features such as their hair colour, hair type, skin colour, and facial features, is called ____.

racialization

The may forms of ethnic solidarity found in large cities increases social ____ among people of the same ethnic group.

cohesion

Beyonce is a new mother. When her baby Blue Ivey was born, the doctor looked at the baby's body parts, or biological makeup, and announced that Beyonce had delivered a girl. The doctor announced the child's:

sex

Andreas believes that male are physically, emotionally, and intellectually superior to females. This is an example of:

gender bias

patriarchy and sexism/ gender bais

normalization of sexism (and sexiest thinking practice) one sex superior over the other

traffic of woman (Emma Goldman)

woman should have freedom to choose sex partner apart from state or church

woman as sex commodity

woman “reared as sex commodity” kept ignorant of their own bodies and sexuality

health

health a star of complete physical, mental, and social well being

social determinats

living conditions that people experience shape health factors

health related subcultures

• primary in economically disadvantaged neighbourhood

  1. tolerance for risky lifestyle

  2. anomie/ detachment from conventional values

  3. social cohesion/ shared expectations

medicalization of society

medical institution at the centre of our social order

stigmatization of obese

prejudicial attitudes about the obese

agesim

prejudice/ discrimination based on age

youth

ephebiphobia - fear of youth/ teenager

which of following is true about most medical research

a. it is conducted on men and generalized to woman

one explanation for why men, on average, have a shorter lifespan that woman is:

b. men often choose riskier types of work