CHAPT.3 STUDY GUIDE AND LAB

Cell

The living unit.

Cytosol and Cytoplasm

The distinct internal components of a cell, where cytoplasm contains the cytosol.

Phospholipids

The component that makes up the majority of the cell membrane, arranged based on their attraction to water.

Cellular extensions

Structures extending from the cell, specifically including cilia, flagella, and microvilli.

Cellular junctions

Structures that connect cells, including gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes.

Desmosomes

Mechanical junctions.

Passive transport

Cell membrane transport that goes with a concentration gradient and does not require energy.

Active transport

Cell membrane transport that goes against a concentration gradient and requires energy.

Simple Diffusion

A method of passive cell membrane transport.

Facilitated Diffusion

A method of passive cell membrane transport.

Osmosis

A method of passive cell membrane transport.

Vesicular transport

A method of transport requiring energy that includes endocytosis and exocytosis.

Endocytosis

A type of vesicular transport that includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Interphase

The step of the cell cycle that includes the $G_1$ Phase, $S$ Phase, and $G_2$ Phase.

Cytokinesis

The final stage of the cell cycle occurring after the $M$ Phase.

Cell Organelles

Internal structures including the Ribosome, Smooth ER, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Centrosome, Vacuole, and Peroxisome.

Nucleus components

Structures within or related to the nucleus, including the nuclear pore, chromatin, and nucleolus.

Cytoskeleton

The structural framework within the cell consisting of centrioles and the centrosome.

Benign and Malignant

The two primary classifications of tumors discussed in cell pathology.

Apoptosis

A specific process related to cell cycle and cell death mentioned in the study guide.

Necrosis

Osmolarity

A measurement or property related to cell membrane transport and solutions.

Stem cell

A specific type of cell discussed in Chapter 3.

Nucleus

A cell component that contains chromatin or DNA, the nucleolus, and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane (envelope).

Chromatin / DNA

The genetic material found within the nucleus of a cell.

Nucleolus

A dense structure located inside the nucleus.

Nuclear Membrane (Envelope)

The double membrane structure that surrounds and protects the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

A phospholipid bilayer that provides a barrier for the cell.

Mitochondria

An organelle responsible for producing energy for the cell.

Ribosome

An organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

An organelle involved in lipid synthesis that lacks ribosomes on its surface.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

An organelle involved in protein synthesis that is studded with ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

An organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids.

Vesicles

A category of organelles that includes vacuoles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Vacuole

A type of vesicle used by the cell for storage.

Lysosome

A type of vesicle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste.

Peroxisome

A type of vesicle involved in metabolic operations like neutralizing toxins.

Centrosome

An organelle that acts as the main microtubule organizing center for the cell.

Centrioles

Paired structures found within the centrosome involved in cell division.

Flagellum

A long, whip-like cellular extension used for locomotion.

Cilia

Short, hair-like cellular extensions used to move substances across the cell surface.

Microvilli

Small, finger-like projections on the cell surface that increase surface area for absorption.

Interphase

The period of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and prepares for division.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where two new nuclear envelopes begin to form.

Cytokinesis

The process of dividing the cytoplasm to create two distinct daughter cells.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Isotonic solution

A solution where the concentration of solutes is equal to that inside the cell.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell, causing water to enter the cell.

Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell, causing water to leave the cell.