Blood part 1 powerpoint flashcards

A set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to blood, its components, production, and disorders.

Blood

The fluid connective tissue of the circulatory system that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, and defends the body; composed of plasma and formed elements.

Plasma

Liquid, cell-free portion of blood after anticoagulation; contains clotting proteins (e.g., fibrinogen); makes up about 55% of blood.

Serum

Liquid portion of blood after coagulation; plasma minus fibrinogen; usually free of cells and platelets.

Buffy Coat

Layer between plasma and erythrocytes containing leukocytes and platelets.

Hematocrit (PCV)

Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells; determined by centrifugation.

Formed Elements

Living cellular components of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells that transport O2 and CO2; small, biconcave, anucleate cells rich in hemoglobin.

Leukocytes (WBCs)

White blood cells; immune defense cells that can exit blood vessels (diapedesis) to combat pathogens.

Platelets

Fragments of megakaryocytes that seal small vessel tears and are essential for blood clotting.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs with four polypeptide chains and four heme groups; can bind up to four O2 molecules.

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen; gives blood a bright red color when oxygenated.

Carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide.

Methemoglobin

Form of hemoglobin with iron in the Fe3+ state that cannot bind O2.

Reticulocyte

Young erythrocyte containing ribosomal remnants; matures to a full RBC in about 2 days.

Erythropoiesis

Production of red blood cells in red bone marrow; involves multiple precursor stages over ~15 days.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone mainly from kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis.

Hematopoiesis

Formation of all blood cells; occurs primarily in red bone marrow in adults.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

Multipotent stem cell that gives rise to all blood cell lineages.

Myeloid Stem Cell

Hematopoietic progenitor that commits to the myeloid line (RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes).

Lymphoid Stem Cell

Hematopoietic progenitor that gives rise to lymphocytes (B, T, NK cells).

Proerythroblast

Early erythroid precursor in erythropoiesis.

Basophilic Erythroblast

Erythroid precursor rich in ribosomes; extensive Hb synthesis occurs.

Polychromatic Erythroblast

Erythroblast with changing cytoplasm color due to Hb production.

Orthochromatic Erythroblast

Late erythroblast with nucleus degradation and Hb accumulation.

Erythrocyte Lifespan

Red blood cells live about 100–120 days before clearance by the spleen.

Anemia

Condition characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood; causes include blood loss, iron deficiency, pernicious anemia, and more.

Thalassemia

Inherited disorder with faulty globin chain production in hemoglobin.

Polycythemia

Excessive numbers of red blood cells, increasing blood viscosity.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder caused by a SNP in beta-globin; deoxygenated Hb polymerizes, causing abnormal sickle-shaped RBCs.

Leukocytes

White blood cells; immune cells that defend against pathogens and cancer; include granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Neutrophil

Granulocyte with a multilobed nucleus; primary phagocyte of bacteria; short lifespan.

Eosinophil

Granulocyte with red-orange granules; fights parasites and modulates allergic responses.

Basophil

Granulocyte with purple granules; releases histamine and heparin during inflammation.

Lymphocyte

Agranulocyte involved in adaptive immunity (B cells, T cells, NK cells).

Monocyte

Agranulocyte that becomes macrophages in tissues and performs phagocytosis.

Granulocytes

Leukocytes with visible cytoplasmic granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Agranulocytes

Leukocytes without visible granules: lymphocytes and monocytes.

Megakaryocytes

Large marrow cells that shed platelets for clotting.

Albumin

Most abundant plasma protein; maintains osmotic pressure, carries substances, and buffers blood.

Gamma Globulins

Antibodies and other immune proteins produced by plasma cells.

Fibrinogen

Clotting protein in plasma; converted to fibrin during coagulation; absent in serum.

Liver

Primary organ that synthesizes most plasma proteins.

Spleen (RBC graveyard)

Organ where aged RBCs are filtered and removed from circulation.

Infectious Mononucleosis

Viral disease (EBV) causing elevated agranulocytes and lymphocyte activity.

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count, often drug-induced.

Leukemia

Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes that disrupt normal bone marrow function.

Blood is

Connective tissue

what temp is blood in the arteries close to the heart?

38 degrees celsius

What is the PH of blood?

7.4 alkaline

what percent is blood of the human body?

8-10 percent

what is the liquid portion of blood called?

plasma

what is a major plasma protein?

Albumin, 60 percent of plasma proteins

what is osmotic pressure?

causes blood vessels to hold onto water. Albumin does this.

what is albumin made by?

the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic pressure.

what are gamma globulins ?

A type of plasma protein produced by plasma cells, involved in immune functions and antibody production.

What are the roles of blood?

Transportation, homeostasis, defense, platelets

what is the volume of blood in men and women?

men- 5-6 L women- 4-5 L

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Plasma has been treated with anticoagulants, and serum is the blood after coagulation which doesn’t have clotting proteins.

what are the different chains that hemoglobin carries?

2 Beta chains and 2 alpha chains that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

what happens when theres too little erythrocytes?

oxygen deprivation, AKA hypoxia.

what happens when there is too many erythrocytes?

increased blood viscosity

what hormone can be responsible for higher erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin levels in males?

testosterone, which stimulates erythropoiesis.

What do erythrocytes lack?

nucleus which means they cant undergo mitosis or synthesize proteins.

What is Anemia?

a condition where there is a decreased oxygen carrying capacity in your RBC’s.

What role does iron intake play in RBC’s?

Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells, and inadequate intake can lead to anemia.

what percent of RBC is hemoglobin?

97%

What antioxidant/ protein do erythrocytes contain?

Spectrin which allows cell to change shape/