Non systems-npte

What does HIPAA primarily protect?

Patient privacy, confidentiality, and security of healthcare information.

Can family access a medical record without permission?

No. The patient must provide permission or consent.

Does HIPAA apply to oral communication?

Yes, confidentiality must be maintained in oral, written, and electronic forms.

Does a patient have the right to access their medical records?

Yes.

What does altruism mean in PT ethics?

Acting in the patient's best interest over the therapist's.

ex: The PT might extend their work hours to

accommodate a patient who arrived 15 minutes late for their appointment, despite having dinner reservations.

What does autonomy mean?

Providing patients information to make informed decisions about care.

e.g. They patient may choose not to allow certain modalities if they do not align with their preferences even though beneficial. The therapist respects these decisions and adjusts the treatment plan accordingly.

What does professional judgment mean?

The PT is accountable for making sound professional judgments.

e.g. When the PT's judgment is that a patient will receive negligible benefit from PT services, they shall not provide such services if the primary reason for doing so is the financial self-interest of the PT or employer

What is non-maleficence?

Do no harm; avoid interventions that could harm the patient.

e.g. Before initiating a new treatment, the therapist screens the patient for any contraindications or risks that might make the treatment harmful, ensuring that only safe and appropriate interventions are used.

Who is directly responsible for PTA actions?

The PT.

Can a PTA perform selected interventions?

Yes, under direction and general supervision of the PT.

What must PTA interventions be consistent with?

Safe and legal PT practice.

What tasks can a PT aide perform?

Nonclinical tasks like equipment setup, laundry, and cleaning.

Who can modify the POC to add a new modality?

PT only.

Can a PTA add hamstring exercises for LE strengthening?

Yes.

Who can supervise a PTA student?

PT or PTA.

Who can supervise a PT student?

PT only.

What should a PT do if a patient refuses PT after education?

Respect the patient's decision, demonstrating autonomy.

what are the PT code of ethics

PT/PTA shall respect the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals

2. PT/PTA shall be trustworthy and compassionate in addressing the rights and needs of

patients/clients.

3. PT/PTA shall be accountable for making sound professional judgments.

4. PT/PTA shall demonstrate integrity in their relationship with patients/clients, families, colleagues,

students, research participants, other health care providers, employers, payers and the public.

5. PT/PTA shall fulfill their legal and professional obligations.

6. PT/PTA shall enhance their expertise through the lifelong acquisition and refinement of knowledge,

skills, abilities and professional behaviors.

7. PT/PTA shall promote organizational behaviors and business practices that benefit patients/clients

and society.

8. PT/PTA shall participate in efforts to meet the health needs of people locally, nationally or globally.

What does the Joint Commission do?

Accredits healthcare organizations like hospitals and SNFs.

What does CARF (commission of accreditation rehab facilities) accredit?

Free-standing rehabilitation programs and facilities.

What does CMS (center for medicare and mediaid services) determine?

Medicare reimbursement for patient care.

What does OSHA focus on?

Worker and workplace safety.

What precautions are required for measles?

Airborne precautions with an N95 respirator.

What are the 3 major isolation categories?

Contact, droplet, and airborne.

What PPE is used for contact precautions?

Gloves and gown for direct contact.

What PPE is used for droplet precautions?

Surgical mask within 3 feet of the patient. private room with negative air flow

What PPE is used for airborne precautions?

Fit-tested N95 respirator.

What room type is required for airborne precautions?

Private room with negative airflow and a closed door.

What is the order for donning PPE?

Gown, mask, goggles, then gloves.

What is the order for doffing PPE?

Gloves, goggles, gown, then mask.

what conditions are under contact

MRSA, VISA, VRE, Clostridium difficile,

Lice, Scabies, Impetigo, Gram Negative

Bacteria, Uncontrolled Diarrhea,

Aminoglycoside resistant, Hep-A, Hep-B,

Dermatitis, Rota Virus.

what conditions are under droplet

Mumps (Rubella), Streptococcus

A, Neisseria Meningitis,

Pneumonia, Influenza, Pertussis.

what conditions are considered airborne

Measles, Tuberculosis, Varicella,

SARS, Disseminated Herpes

Zoster, Chickenpox, Smallpox.

What are signs of physical abuse?

Injuries resulting in pain, impairment, injury, or death.

What are examples of emotional abuse?

Threats, intimidation, humiliation, isolation, and rejection.

How should a PT determine telehealth appropriateness?

On a case-by-case basis considering judgment and preferences.

What must be verified at a telehealth visit start?

Both patient and PT identity.

Does telehealth require informed consent?

Yes, following standard state-law requirements.

Which state's license is needed for telehealth?

The jurisdiction where the patient is physically located.

what is the guideline for supervision?

PT may provide supervision while either onsite or virtual. Physical therapy statutes and regulations should include the supervision of PTAs for telehealth visits.

Can a NY PT continue telehealth if the patient moves to Florida?

No, the PT must meet Florida licensure requirements.

What to do if an emergency occurs during telehealth?

Immediately terminate the session and initiate local emergency response.

How far should a computer monitor be from the user?

18 to 28 inches, approximately arm's length.

Where should the top of the monitor be relative to eye level?

Slightly below eye level.

What should the elbow position be when typing?

Approximately 90 degrees with the wrist neutral.

What is proper foot position when sitting at a workstation?

Feet flat on the floor with thighs horizontal.

What are the major principles of safe lifting?

Widen BOS, maintain lumbar curve, pivot feet, and move slowly.

Should you twist your spine while lifting?

No, pivot your feet instead.

What is the best strategy when lifting a box from the floor?

Wide BOS, lift with legs, and maintain neutral spine.

space under desk should be? how many deep, height and top of thighs away from desk?

Space under the desk should be at least 30 inches wide, 19 inches deep, 25- 34 inches in height, should be 2-3 inches between the top of the thighs and desk

What is the recommended adult CPR compression rate?

100-120 compressions/min

How deep should adult CPR chest compressions be?

At least 2 inches (5 cm), but not >6 cm

What should happen between CPR compressions?

Allow full chest recoil.

How long should interruptions in chest compressions be?

What is the CPR compression-to-breath ratio for an adult?

30 compressions : 2 breaths

What should you NOT do during CPR?

Lean on the chest, compress too slowly/quickly, interrupt >10 sec, or deliver breaths too quickly/forcefully.

What is a Hickman catheter?

A central line tunneled under the skin used for antibiotics, nutrition, and blood samples.

What is a Swan-Ganz catheter used to monitor?

Blood flow and heart function; it travels into the pulmonary artery.

Balloon flotation device inserted through the internal jugular vein or femoral vein into the pulmonary artery

*think swans swim to the right place*

what is a colostomy bag?

Exits the colon to the abdomen (stoma) when a part of the colon or large intestine has been removed

• Focus on early mobility and beware: gait belt. PLACE ABOVE

What does a central venous pressure (CVP) catheter measure?

Blood pressure directly from the right atrium/SVC.

What is an arterial line commonly used to monitor?

Arterial blood gases (ABGs).

What is a chest tube used for and inserted through where?

Removing air, blood, or purulent material from the chest/pleural cavity.

Inserted through an incision in the chest and may be connected to a mechanical or gravity-based suction system

Where should the chest tube collection bottle stay during mobility?

BELOW the level of the chest tube.

What should you do if a chest tube/arterial line becomes dislodged?

Have patient exhale, cover the site with gauze/gloved hand, and immediately notify nursing.

What precaution is important with an IV line?

Avoid holding the arm above the head for extended periods; alert staff if fluid is low due to air bubbles.

What is the major precaution with a femoral line?

Avoid repetitive hip flexion and hip flexion >45°.

Where should a urinary catheter bag be positioned?

Below the bladder.

If catheter output is being monitored, should you empty the bag yourself?

No. Don't empty it if output is being monitored; alert staff if the bag is overfilled.

Wheelchair seat height formula? average inches?

Heel → popliteal fold (to clear foot rest)+ 2 inches

av: 19.5-20.5 in

Wheelchair seat depth formula? and average?

Posterior buttock along lateral thigh → popliteal fold − 2 inches (to relieve pressure of the pop)

av: 16 in

Wheelchair seat width formula? and average in inches?

Widest part of buttocks/thighs +1.5 to 2 inches

av:18 in

Wheelchair back height formula? and average inches?

Seat → axilla (at 90 degrees) −4 inches (to have some scap mobility in chair), accounting for cushion thickness.

av: 16 in

What happens to back-height measurement when a seat cushion is used?

Add the cushion thickness to the final back-height value.

Wheelchair armrest height formula? what is the average inches

Seat → olecranon +1 inch, accounting for cushion.

av: 9 in

Where is the normal wheelchair rear axle positioned?

In line with the shoulders or slightly posterior.

For a bariatric patient, where should the rear axle be moved?

Forward. it also helps propulsion.

For bilateral transfemoral amputation, where should the rear axle be positioned?

Behind the shoulders.

How do you turn a wheelchair to the right?

Left wheel forward + right wheel backward.

How do you turn a wheelchair to the left?

Right wheel forward + left wheel backward.

How should you ascend a curb in a wheelchair?

Face forward, perform a small wheelie to get casters up, then push forward to bring rear wheels up.

How can you descend a curb?

Either wheelie → rear wheels down → casters down, OR go backward allowing rear wheels down first.

During a wheelchair wheelie, where should the patient's trunk/head go?

Forward.

What is a four-point gait?

AD → opposite LE → AD → opposite LE

What is a two-point gait?

AD + opposite LE → AD + opposite LE

two points moving together!

What is a modified four-point gait with a single cane?

AD → opposite LE → other LE

means single AD

What is a modified two-point gait?

AD + opposite LE → other LE

means single AD

What gait pattern is used with bilateral ADs/walker and restricted weight bearing?

Three-point gait.

What is a three-point gait?

NWB LE → ADs + NWB LE swing → WB LE

What is the sequence for a three-one-point gait?

PWB LE + ADs → WB LE.

How much space should be between the axilla and axillary crutch pad?

Approximately 2 inches.

careful for crutch palsy: radial nerve risk off

Where should the top of a Lofstrand crutch cuff sit?

About 1-1.5 inches below the olecranon.

Which side should a cane ALWAYS be held on?

Unaffected/good side. advances with the affected side

What is the stair sequence when using a cane?

Up with the good, down with the bad.

What elbow position is appropriate when fitting a cane/AD?

20-25° elbow flexion.

What landmarks can be used to determine handpiece height?

Wrist crease, ulnar styloid, or greater trochanter.

Where should the AD tip be positioned when measuring handpiece height?

2 inches lateral and 4-6 inches anterior to the shoe/toe.

During level-ground ambulation, where should the therapist stand?

Behind and slightly toward the patient's weak/involved side.

When ascending stairs, where should the therapist stand?

Posterolateral to the patient's weak side.

When descending stairs, where should the therapist stand?

Anterolateral to the patient's weak side.

What should the therapist prevent during stair descent?

Development of momentum.