APUSH Period 4

Impressment

act of forcing people to serve in a navy or other military operation; actions of British fleets against American sailors in the 1800s

Embargo Act of 1807

Banned all American ships from exporting goods to foreign ports- Jefferson’s response to British and French interference with neutral American trade

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New Englanders, many of them Federalists- they denounce the war of 1812 and some Federalists threaten to secede. They adjourned when the news of Jackson’s victory in new Orleans and peace was known

James Monroe

5th president of the US, last of the Virginia Dynasty. He did the Louisiana Purchase, presided over Era of Good Feelings and got Florida

John Marshall

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, served for over 30 years, was a Federalist and led to expansion of both Supreme Court and Federal powers

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created new circuit court judgeships and eliminated the need for Supreme Court justices to go through the circuit courts. “Midnight Appointment Judges”- Federalist plan to preserve their power by John Adams

Lewis and Clark

On the direction of Jefferson, these two explorers went from Missouri to the PNW to gather info on the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase

Marbury v Madison

Judiciary Acts of 1801→Marbury appointed judge but don’t get papers→ he sues the country. Even though courts rule in favor of Marbury, they can’t order its delivery bc that power is unconstitutional. Court’s decision establishes the court’s authority over the constitutionality of laws

Non-Intercourse Act

1809- repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 and reestablished trade between the US and all nations except GB and France to pressure them into reopening trade and supporting the US

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful passage of power from Federalists to the democratic republic party- very opposed at the time

War Hawks

term given to a group of congressmen who argue for and egg on war with Britain in 1812

War of 1812

war with GB again after British interfered with American trade, impressed soldiers, restricted trade, and supported Native resistance to American westward expansion. Additionally there’s frontier pressures and War Hawk encouragement to fight.

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew fights in this battle and decisively defeats the larger and better trained British army with his ragtag army. They hold down new Orleans and hella people are murdered- this is all for naught because the war and peace treaty were issued two weeks prior.

Treaty of Ghent

Officially ends the war of 1812 in 1814; restored the pre-war boundaries and status. Returns all POW and all territories. Does not address key issues like impressment but creates lasting peace and reputation for the US

Barbary Pirates

1st major challenge to Jefferson’s foreign policy. On the Barbary coast, pirates plunder and enslave captives to the point where Europe and the US pay tribute to avoid conflict. When Jefferson comes into office Tripoli demands higher tribute and the US is not about to do that. 

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of territory from France in 1803 that doubled the US. US wants a strip of land from New Orleans to Florida for $10M but France broke asf and they offer the entire territory for $15M

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement between US and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to US in exchange for the US to drop their claims to Texas

American System

Henry Clay’s economic system- unify the economy by raising protective tariffs, developing the transportation system, and establishing a strong national bank.

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe presidency, sense of unity and nationalism in the aftermath of the war of 1812. Facade of political unity but issues with slavery are starting to resurface.

Erie Canal

Historic canal that goes from Hudson river to Lake Erie- first navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic to the Great Lakes which greatly reduced the costs of transporting people and goods across Apalachia

Factory System (Lowell Mills)

The Lowell Mill System integrated textile manufacturing to have spinning and weaving under one roof. It also took young girls from the country and put them into dormitory style life with food, housing, utilities, etc. Initially pretty good conditions but wage cuts and competition with immigrant labor led to its decline. 

Gibbons v Ogden

Supreme Court case of 1824 that strengthened federal authority over interstate commerce. This is the stupid boat monopoly case- just says that federal law has supremacy over state law when it comes to interstate commerce.

Henry Clay

Politician from Kentucky, was speaker of the House, senator, and secretary of State. Unsuccessfully ran for president 3 times, founder of whig party, brought Missouri Compromise about and was 

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components made to specifications so that mass production and repair are easier. Was created by Eli Whitney as a key proponent of his work with firearms

Cotton Gin

Machine created by Eli Whitney in 1794- efficiently separated seeds from cotton fibers making cotton production more profitable and expanded slavery even further.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed amendment to Missouri’s admission to statehood that would have gradually turned it from a slave state into a free stat

Market and Transportation Revolution

Major shift in the early 19th century when the US economy moved from local, self sufficient farms to a national, commercial system that prod for sale. Driven by new tech (steam engines, canal, telegraph, steamboats, etc.)

McCulloch v Maryland

Supreme Court case that confirmed the implied powers of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. This case involves Maryland tryna tax a branch of the National Bank

Monroe Doctrine

Articulated in 1823- policy of the US that warned against European interference in the American continents and promised that the US would stay out of European affairs

Missouri Compromise

Agreement of 1920 that defused sectional conflict by agreeing to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and to henceforth prohibit slavery in the Louisiana territory in the regions north of the 36’30 parallel

Panic of 1819

Six-year depression that began with a price collapse of American trade goods. Caused by post War of 1812 land and commodity boom, the Second Bank of the US calling in loans and tightening credit causing foreclosures and bankruptcy. Loss of livelihood too. This is during Monroe

Eli Whitney

American inventor best known for developing the cotton gin

Turnpikes + National Road

Turnpike is an expressway where a toll is charged. The National Road was formerly Cumberland Road and was the first federally funded highway in the US built to the connect the Atlantic Coast with new settlements in the Midwest. Construction spanned 1811-1838, and it spurred westward expansion, easy settlement, and commerce

Robert Fulton + Steamboats

Invented the first commercially successful steamboat (the Clermont) in 1807. Steamboats were pivotal in the 1800s as they enabled trade, westward expansion, and leisure pre-railroads.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one’s region or section of the country as compared to the entire nation

2nd Bank of the US

Chartered in 1816 to stabilize the economy and serve as a fiscal agent of government after the war of 1812. It causes the Panic of 1819 after messing up some credit business. However Jackson fricking hates it and tries to kill it his whole political career and after it’s expiration in 1836 the Panic of 1837 is set off.

Andrew Jackson

7th President- distinguished himself at the Battle of new Orleans in the War of 1812 as a war hero and Native American fighter. He represents the common man, is very violent and crazed, and leads the newly founded Democratic party. He hates native Americans and he leads the Indian Removal Act

Bank War/Pet Banks

Term used to describe Jackson’s fight against Nicholas Biddle and supporters of the National Bank; Jackson succeeds and eliminates the Bank, redirecting federal funds into pet or state banks

Corrupt Bargain (Election of 1824)

Jackson wins the popular vote, no one wins the electoral vote, so it goes to the HOR and Henry Clay- Jackson’s opp, sways the House to vote for JQA and JQA wins. Jackson and supporters are SUPER pissed and they get congress to pass the Tariff of 1828 to embarrass JQA

Democrats

Championed the common man and opposed influence of the elites. Saw universal white male suffrage, focus on stats’ rights, opposition to a national bank, westward expansion, and will to limit power of a privileged few. 

Election of 1828

Jackson decisively wins- 55.5% of popular vote and gets HELLA electoral votes over JQA bc the Tarriff messes up JQA. Transition to Jacksonian Democracy and from First Party System to Second Party System

Force Bill

Authorized Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariffs in South Carolina after the nullification crisis is messing stuff up. 

Indian Removal Act

1830 act that allowed federal government to negotiate with native Americans to relocate them west of the Mississippi River. 

Nullification Crisis

1832-1833 confrontation between South Carolina and US federal government tariffs that was sparked by South Carolina’s declaration that the tariffs were unconstitutional and that the state had the right to “nullify” them. led by John C Calhoun- the crisis was a major test of states rights

Panic of 1837

Triggered by an executive order that the government would accept payment for land only by specie circular and not paper currency- economic crisis led to business failures, spike in unemployment, falling prices, and even bread riots. 

Tariff of 1828 (Abomination)

Protective tariff that significantly raised import duties to protect N and W industry from foreign competition. Met with strong opposition from the South- led to increased costs for Southern consumers and hurt their exports. 

Worcester V Georgia

1832 Supreme Court case that affirmed federal authority over individual states’ authority concerning the affairs of Native Americans. Case includes how Native lands are sovereign territories and cannot be infringed on. 

Specie Circular

Executive order issued by President Jackson that required gold or silver to buy public lands

Spoils System

Process whereby elected officials give out government jobs as a reward for political favors. Jackson uses this heavily to enforce party loyalty. 

Trail of Tears

Term for the forced journey made by Native Americans to the Indian Territory that began in the winter of 1838, killing perhaps a quarter or more of the migrants. 

Webster-Hayne Debate

Senate exchange between Daniel Webster (whig) and Robert Hayne (democrat) that focused on the issues of states’ rights versus national power, pitting the nullification advocate Hayne against the nationalist Webster. 

Whigs

Political party formed during presidency of Andrew Jackson to oppose Jackson and support a more active federal government; favored industrial, commercial, and infrastructural development to promote economic growth. They resemble the Federalists in their support for centralization and econ growth, but the populist campaigning style and their opposition to Jackson is different. 

Universal White Male Suffrage

Expansion of voting rights to all white men, regardless of property ownership or tax-paying status as a result of Jacksonian Democracy. This transition is gradual

Antebellum

The period before a war; in US history, the term is commonly used to describe the pre-Civil War period. Literally means “before the war” in latin

Cult of Domesticity

Early 19th century belief that WHITE women are the guardians of family and religious virtue within the home. 

Dorthea Dix

Tireless advocate for the mentally ill and leader in the 1800s for medical and prison reform for the mentally ill. Instrumental in legislation for mental hospitals in the east coast.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Abolitionist and women’s right advocate who co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Coauthored the Declaration of Sentiments

Horace Mann

Educational reformer who promoted education as essential to a strong democracy. Believes education is the key to leveling the playing field

Lucretia Mott

Abolitionist and women’s rights advocate who co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Helped draft the Declaration of Sentiments 

Mormons 

Members of the LDS church who believe in restoring the original church of Jesus Christ through modern prophets- started by Joseph Smith.

Oneida Community

Members of a utopian experiment in upstate New York who rejected traditional notions of family and marriage in favor of communal bonds. Perfectionist community that practiced communal property, group marriage, and mutual criticism 

Second Great Awakening

Protestant revival in the early 1800s signified by large congregations and dynamic sermons. Caused by the Market Revolution, westward expansion, and a move away from Enlightenment-era rationalism. Created Mormonism, Baptism, Methodists, and Millerites

Seneca Falls Conention

1848 meeting that produced the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions arguing for women’s inalienable rights.

Susan B Anthony

Abolitionist and one of the most iconic and active leaders of the early women’s rights movement

Transcendentalism + Romanticism

Transcendentalism is a component of Romanticism and was a philosophical and literary movement that sought beauty and truth in nature and the individual rather than formalized education, politics or religion

Utopian Communities

Intentional societies created by people who withdrew from mainstream society to establish an ideal way of life, often based on religious, secular, or philosophical principles. Their goals often attempt to create a more equitable and harmonious existence. 

Frederick Douglass

African American abolitionist and reformer who was a major voice against slavery in both his writings and speeches throughout America and Europe. He escaped slavery and started the North Star antislavery newspaper.

William Lloyd Garrison

Founder of the Liberator, a newspaper that focused on the hard truths of slavery and argued for the immediate release of the enslaved and extension of citizenship to all.

David Walker

Black abolitionist who encouraged Blacks to unite and take any necessary measures to fight slavery and other forms of discrimination.

Nat Turner

Led a slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia. Killed 60 white men and women before being crushed 

Roger B Taney

Jackson appoints him to be secretary of the treasury. No one else will remove federal deposits from the Bank of the US but he will. He is later appointed by Jackson as chief justice of the Supreme Court and wrote the Dred Scott v Sanford decision

Sojourner Truth

Formerly enslaved women who lectured extensively on the behalf of equal rights for Blacks and women

Temperance

Self-restraint concerning drinking- the temperance movement pushed for bans on the sale and consumption of alcohol.

Gabriel Prosser

Leader of a thwarted large-scale revolt outside Richmond, Virginia in 1800

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Advocated for abstinence from the consumption of alcohol, led by Frances Willard after 1879; single largest women’s organization in American history by 1911

American Antislavery Society

Pivotal abolitionist organization founded by William Lloyd Garrison, main goal is immediate and uncompensated abolition of slavery. Major force in the abolitionist movement. Frederick Douglass is a apart of it.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist and social activist who escaped slavery and made some 13 missions to rescue many people via the Underground Railroad. 

Hudson River School

New York landscape painters known for their depictions of spectacular vistas and heavily Romantic style.