Chapter 22: Life in the Emerging Urban Society

Madame Bovary

________ (1857), the masterpiece of Flaubert (1821- 1880), is far narrower in scope than Balzacs work but is still famous for its depth and accuracy of psychological insight.

Electric streetcars

________ were cheaper, faster, more dependable, cleaner, and more comfortable than their horse- drawn counterparts.

German Ferdinand Tönnies

The ________ (1855- 1936) argued that with industrialization Western civilization had undergone a fundamental transformation from "community "to "society ..

Dentistry

________ was taken out of the hands of working- class barbers and placed in the hands of highly trained (and middle- class) professionals.

Émile Zola

________ (1840- 1902) was most famous for his seamy, animalistic view of working- class life.

development of mass

The ________ public transportation often accompanied urban planning, further enhancing living conditions.

Europe

Rebuilding Paris provided a new model for urban planning and stimulated urban reform throughout ________, particularly after 1870.

Chemistry

________ and electricity were two other fields characterized by extremely rapid scientific progress.

Western culture

In art and literature, the key themes of realism emerged in the 1840s and continued to dominate ________ and style until the 1890s.

Romantic love

________ held working- class families together, and marriage was less of an economic challenge.

English philosopher

________ Herbert Spencer (1820- 1903) saw the human race as driven forward to evergreater specialization and progress by a brutal economic struggle that determined the "survival of the fittest ..

Mass transit

________ helped greatly in the struggle for decent housing.

Systematic R & D

________- "research and development- was born in the late nineteenth century.

steam engine

The ________ freed industrialists from dependence on the energy of fast- flowing streams and rivers so that by 1800 there was every incentive to build new factories in urban areas, which had many advantages.

Scientific research

________ also progressed rapidly outside of the world of industry and technology, sometimes putting forth direct challenges to traditional beliefs.

Literary realism

________ also began in France, where Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, and Émile Zola became internationally famous novelists.

Love

________ meant something different to men and women.

private institutions

Management of large public and ________ also emerged as a kind of profession as governments provided more services and as very large corporations such as railroads managed ever- larger numbers of human and physical resources.

Germany

In ________ before 1900, women were not admitted as fully registered students at a single university.

late nineteenth century

In the ________ prostitution was legal in much of Europe.

Prostitution

________ had never been safe, but it had been accepted, at least among the working classes.

Chadwick

________ collected detailed reports from local Poor Law officials on the "sanitary conditions of the laboring population "and published his hard- hitting findings in 1842.

realist movement

The ________ started in France, where romanticism had never been completely dominant.

Great Britain

________, the first country in the world to go through the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, was forced to face the acute challenges of a changing urban environment early on.

Acceptance of germ theory

________ brought about dramatic improvements in the deadly environment of hospitals and operating rooms.

public health movement

The ________ won dedicated supporters in the United States, France, and Germany from the late 1840s on.

sexual relations

A double standard in ________ paralleled the gender inequalities built into middle- class standards of love and marriage.

surge of maternal feeling

The ________ was shaped by and reflected in a wave of specialized books on child rearing and infant hygiene, such as French family reformer Gustav Drozs phenomenally successful book Papa, Mama, and Baby, which went through 121 edition between 1866 and 1884.

Social Darwinism

________ gained adherents among nationalists, who viewed global competition between countries as a grand struggle for survival, as well as among imperialists, who used ________ ideas to justify the rule of the "advanced "West over their colonial subjects and territories.

eighteenth century vitality

The ________ of popular religion in Catholic countries and the Protestant rejuvenation exemplified by German Pietism and English Methodism carried over into the nineteenth century.

biological theory

Although improved sanitation in cities promoted a better quality of life and some improvements in health care, effective control of communicable disease required a great leap forward in medical knowledge and ________.

scientific curiosity

Electricity, a(n) ________ in 1800, was totally transformed by a century of tremendous technological advancement.

Balzac

________ (1799- 1850) spent thirty years writing a vastly ambitious panorama of post revolutionary French life.

Chadwick

________ found inspiration in the ideas of radical philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748- 1832), whose approach to social issues, called utilitarianism, had taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis to advance the "greatest good for the greatest number.