phonological processes

Vocalization

A vowel is substituted for a syllabic consonant. Example: 'Bado' for 'bottle.'

Gliding

A liquid consonant is produced as a glide. Examples: w/l, j/l, w/r. Can occur in consonant clusters like 'pwetty' for 'pretty.'

Velar fronting

An alveolar/dental consonant replaces a velar. Example: 'Doose' for 'goose.'

Stopping

A fricative or affricate is replaced by a stop. Example: 'Dis' for 'this.'

Affrication

An affricate is produced in place of a fricative or stop

Example: Chun for Sun

Deaffrication

A fricative replaces an affricate

Example: Sop for Chop

Backing

A posteriorly placed consonant is produced instead of an anteriorly placed consonant

Example: Kip for Tip

Reduplication

Repeats a pattern

Example: Wawa for Water

Final Consonant Deletion

Final consonant is deleted

Example: Ca- for Cat

Epenthesis

A schwa vowel is inserted between the consonants in an initial cluster (belack for black) or after a final voiced stop (goody for good).

Consonant-Cluster Reduction

consonant is deleted from a cluster of consonants

Example: kul for school

Metathesis

Production of sounds in a word in reversed order

Example: Peek for Keep