CSB601 Weeks 1-3 Exam Revision 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

What is an active ingredient?

The chemical substance in a medicine that produces the therapeutic effect.

What is the difference between a brand and generic medicine?

Same active ingredient and strength, but different name, appearance, or excipients.

What is the role of the TGA?

Regulates medicines in Australia for safety, quality, and efficacy.

What does AUST L mean?

Low-risk listed medicines that make low-level health claims (e.g., vitamins, supplements).

What does AUST R mean?

Registered medicines including prescription and most OTC medicines.

What does AUST L(A) mean?

Low-risk assessed listed medicines with evidence for specific health claims.

What is an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

An unintended harmful effect occurring at normal medicine doses.

What is the difference between a side effect and an allergy?

Side effect = predictable unwanted effect; allergy = immune-mediated reaction.

What is Quality Use of Medicines (QUM)?

Using medicines safely, effectively, appropriately, and judiciously.

What does evidence-based medicine mean?

Using best available evidence to guide medicine choice.

Is generic substitution generally safe?

Yes, if medicines are bioequivalent.

Why is understanding risks vs benefits important in prescribing?

Ensures benefits outweigh harms for the patient.

What is the purpose of the Australian Medicines Handbook (AMH)?

Provides practical medicine information including dosing and adverse effects.

What is Therapeutic Guidelines (eTG) used for?

Evidence-based treatment recommendations.

What is MIMS used for?

Medicine information including indications and prescribing details.

What is AusDI used for?

Drug information resource for medicines and interactions.

What is the Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Guide used for?

Assesses medicine safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

What is pharmacokinetics (PK)?

What the body does to the drug (ADME).

What does ADME stand for?

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.

What is absorption?

Movement of a drug into the bloodstream.

What is distribution?

Movement of a drug around the body.

Where are most medicines metabolised?

The liver.

How are most medicines excreted?

Through the kidneys.

What is pharmacodynamics (PD)?

What the drug does to the body.

What is an agonist?

A medicine that activates a receptor to produce an effect.

What is an antagonist?

A medicine that blocks a receptor and prevents an effect.

What is efficacy?

The maximum effect a medicine can produce.

What is potency?

The amount of medicine needed to produce an effect.

What is a pharmacokinetic drug interaction?

A drug interaction that changes medicine concentration in the body.

What is a pharmacodynamic drug interaction?

A drug interaction that changes medicine effects.

What can enzyme inhibition cause?

Toxicity due to increased drug levels.

What can enzyme induction cause?

Reduced drug effectiveness due to faster metabolism.

What does the MESS framework stand for?

Mechanism, Evidence, Severity, Symptoms/monitoring.

What should be considered before prescribing in pregnancy?

Only prescribe if benefit outweighs risk.

Complete the pathway: dose → concentration → ? → clinical outcome

Receptor effect.

What is the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Altered serotonin and noradrenaline pathways in the brain.

What are common symptoms of depression?

Low mood, loss of interest, sleep changes, fatigue, poor concentration.

What are SSRIs?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; first-line antidepressants that increase serotonin.

Provide examples of SSRIs.

Sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, citalopram.

How do SSRIs work?

Block serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin in the brain.

Why are SSRIs used?

Moderate-severe depression and anxiety disorders.

How do SSRIs relate to depression pathophysiology?

Depression involves altered serotonin pathways; SSRIs increase serotonin availability.

Important adverse effects of SSRIs?

GI upset, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome.

What is serotonin syndrome?

A potentially life-threatening excess of serotonin causing agitation, fever, sweating, and confusion.

What are SNRIs?

Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors that increase serotonin and noradrenaline.

Provide examples of SNRIs.

Venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine.

How do SNRIs work?

Block reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.

Why are SNRIs used?

Depression, anxiety, and some chronic pain conditions.

What are TCAs?

Tricyclic antidepressants used for depression but less commonly due to toxicity.

Provide examples of TCAs.

Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine.

Why are TCAs not first-line?

Higher toxicity and overdose risk.

Important adverse effects of TCAs?

Sedation, anticholinergic effects, dangerous overdose risk.

What are MAOIs?

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors that increase neurotransmitter levels.

Why are MAOIs rarely first-line?

High interaction risk and dietary restrictions.

What is first-line treatment for mild depression?

Therapy and lifestyle interventions before medicines.

How long should antidepressants usually continue after remission?

6-12 months.

How long can antidepressants take to work?

Usually 2-4 weeks before improvement.

Why is shared decision-making important in depression treatment?

Improves adherence and aligns treatment with patient preferences.

What is the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder?

Neurotransmitter dysregulation causing episodes of mania and depression.

What is mania?

A period of elevated mood, impulsivity, decreased sleep, and increased activity.

What is lithium?

A mood stabiliser used in bipolar disorder.

Why is lithium used in bipolar disorder?

Prevents manic and depressive episodes.

What medicine class may also be used in bipolar disorder?

Antipsychotics and anticonvulsants such as valproate.

Provide an example of an anticonvulsant used in bipolar disorder.

Valproate.

Why should antidepressants not be used alone in bipolar disorder?

They can trigger or worsen mania.

What monitoring is important with lithium?

Blood levels, kidney function, and thyroid function.

A patient has low mood due to altered serotonin pathways. Which drug class is first-line?

SSRIs.

A patient suddenly becomes sweaty, confused, and agitated after antidepressant therapy. What serious complication should be suspected?

Serotonin syndrome.

A patient with bipolar disorder presents with mania. Why should SSRIs alone be avoided?

They may worsen mania.

AMH

To guide therapeturic decision making, in addition to eTG

e-TG

It is a tertiary resource that supports Australian clinical therapeutic decision-making; it has a much more detailed, medical focus than AMH; and is very explicit with therapeutic recommendations for First Line, Second Line & Third line therapeutic choices for specific medical conditions, for specific patients

AusDI

Useful is the on line tool: the multi-drug interaction checker, required for assessment of polypharmacy patients with co-morbidities - an essential aspect of safe prescribing.

eMIMSelite

• Offers detailed Product Information for all prescription medicines and most over-the-counter (OTC) medicines registered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia.

• MIMS can be used to search for active ingredients or brand names of medicines.

• MIMS does not offer clinical therapeutic decision making like e-TG and AMH.

• Like AusDI, it also offers a multi-drug interaction checker programme, especially important with polypharmacy, QUM and safe prescribing.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Medicines Guide (PBMG)

Provides guidance for doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists and allied healthcare professionals when selecting suitable treatment options for women during pregnancy or breastfeeding

NatMed

• Contain extensive efficacy and safety information, as well as Drug Interaction Checkers and many more features.

• It’s an American resource so it’s best used by using “natural medicine” active ingredient searching, rather than searching using Brand Names