CHEMICAL EXAMINATION FOR CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

30 seconds

Reading time for Glucose

Green to brown

Positive color for Glucose

Double sequential enzymatic reaction

Principle of Glucose

30 seconds

Reading time for Bilirubin

Diazo reaction

Principle of Bilirubin

Tan / Pink to Violet

Positive color for Bilirubin

40 seconds

Reading time for Ketones

Sodium nitroprusside reaction

Principle of Ketones

Purple

Positive color for Ketones

45 seconds

Reading time for Specific Gravity

pKa change of polyelectrolyte

Principle of Specific Gravity

Blue (SG 1.000) to Yellow (SG 1.030)

Positive color for Specific Gravity

60 seconds

Reading time for Protein

60 seconds

Reading time for pH

60 seconds

Reading time for Blood

60 seconds

Reading time for Urobilinogen

60 seconds

Reading time of Nitrite

120 seconds

Reading time of Leukocyte esterase

Blue

Positive color of Protein

Orange (pH 5.0) to blue (pH 9.0)

Positive color of pH

Uniform green/blue (Hgb or Mb); speckled/spotted (intact RBC)

Positive color of Blood

Red

Positive color of Urobilinogen

Uniform pink

Positive color of Nitrite

Purple

Positive color of Leukocyte esterase

Protein (Sorensen’s0 error of indication

Principle of Protein

Double indicator system

Principle of pH

Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

Principle of Blood

Ehrlich’s reaction

Principle of Urobilinogen

Greiss reaction

Principle of Nitrite

Leukocyte esterase

Principle of Leukocyte esterase