PUBH 101 - FINAL

Relationships outside of family

first relationship are friendships: May be more stable and longer-lasting than intimate partnerships

Physical intensity, excitement, and pleasure

- Intense love: confuses/torments lovers and fluctuates (EX: Lose appetite, can't sleep, can think of nothing but loved one)

- Passionate love: To understand, need to recognize the human emotions (Physiological arousal & emotional explanation for arousal)

- As physical intensity + excitement diminish, pleasure may increase

Jealousy

(measures insecurity or possessiveness) - Is not an element of love, but insistent demands & attempts to control

Feedback

Self-disclosure: revealing personal information, increases closeness - Listening: spending time and energy to understand another person

Feedback: is a constructive response to another's self-disclosure

Relationship success

-Realistic expectations

-Mutual trust

-Open communication

-Effective ways to resolve conflict

-Ask for and give support

-Agreement on religious/ethical values

-Equal roles

First attraction

-observable characteristics

(Looks, dress, social status, reciprocated interest)

Living together

-Greater acceptance of premarital sex, waiting longer before getting married, availability of contraceptives, more single and divorced individuals

-Rarely continues indefinitely, partnerships tend to be less stable

Predictors of happy marriage

–Realistic expectations

–Feels good about the personality of their mate

–Communication, Conflict resolution

–Agree on religious and ethical values

- (equal)

–Good balance of individual and joint interests and activities

Chance of divorce, process

-50-55% chance of divorcing

- emotional separation -> physical -> great stress event in life (except for death of someone)

Parenting styles

–Authoritarian (high demand, low responsiveness)

–Authoritative (high demand & high responsiveness – best)

–Permissive (low demand, high responsiveness)

–Uninvolved (low demand & low responsiveness – worst)

Marital satisfaction and family life cycle

•Marital satisfaction tends to decline when children are young and in school, but increases once the last child has left home (can focus on each other again)

Stepfamilies

stepfamilies are different from primary families and should not be expected to duplicate the emotions and relationships of a primary family

Greatest stress producing event

death, divorce, birth of first child

Gonads and sex hormones

-Gonads: primary reproductive organs,developed at the eighth week of fetal life,ovaries and testes

Sex hormones: males- testes hormone, testosterone

Females - ovaries hormones, estrogen, progesterone

Scrotum temperature

93.6° F sperm can't be produced at a temp higher or lower

Differentiation of the embryo

Determined by genetics, and influenced bythe presence or absence of testosterone (23rd pair of chromosome determines sex)

Female and male puberty

FEMALE: reproductive system matures @ 8 -13 yrs w/ breast development & rapid body growth between 9 -15 yrs

MALE:

2 years later than girls, Begins @ 10 or 11 years old, physical changes, voice deepens, Period of rapid growth

Female menstrual cycle

4 phases:

-Menses (Days 1-5)

-Estrogenic phase(Days 6-13)

-Ovulation phase(Day 14)

-Progestational phase( Days 15-27)

Menopause

-starts in 50s

-decreasing estrogen

-increased risk of disease, -hormone replacement therapy (high rate of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, blood clots)

Sexual/physical stimulation

Physical: arousal through senses, touching, books/songs/films/photos

psychological: arousal from emotions & attitudes abt sex

Phases of sexual response cycle

- Excitement phase

-Plateau phase

-Orgasmic phase: Males (refractory phase - no restimulation)

-Resolution phase (relaxation)

Treatment for sexual dysfunctions

Drugs and behavioral therapy (Relaxation and massage techniques)

Preconception care

Health care in preparation for pregnancy should include assessment of health risks, promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviors, and any treatments needed to reduce risk

Conception process and chromosomal count

Conception involves the fertilization of a women's

egg by a man's sperm

- Egg and sperm each carry 23 chromosomes

Male/female reasons for infertility

-Female: 6% of population is infertile bc of blocked fallopian tubes, pelvic inflamm. disease, smoking, alc, radiation, age

-Male: 26% due to male infertility from low sperm count, blocked passageways, smoking/drugs, birth defects

Treating infertility

-intrauterine insemination (sperm placed directly in vagina 5-20% success)

-IVF, GIFT,ZIFT (remove eggs and then place sperm inside)

Pregnancy stages/tests

-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): Hormone produced by implanted fertilized egg

-early symptoms: missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue

-1st trimester: blasocyst -> embryo -> fetus

-3month: uterus enlargens

-4th abdomen protrudes

-later pregnancy: braxton hicks contractions + emotional responses

Blood volume during pregnancy

increases 50%, heart pumps faster, Lung capacity increases up to 40%

Baby's settling into pelvic region

lightening: Uterus sinks ~ 2 inches, baby settles into pelvic region,

diaphragm lightens, breathing becomes easier

Importance of prenatal care

-Monitor general health:

weight gain

capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus

growth of the fetus

-Treat complications:

diabetes

preeclampsia

Ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortions

-Ectopic pregnancy: fertilized egg implants and develops in fallopian tube

-Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) or stillbirth: 60% due to chromosomal abnormalities

Stages of labor

-entire process takes 2-36 hours

-1st stage: cervical effacement (thin) +dilation (open), hormonal changes causes uterine contractions

-2nd stage: deliver baby

-3rd stage: delivery of placenta

Breastfeeding

-22% mothers breastfeed

-3 days after childbirth

-colostrum prior to lactation contains antibodies that protect the newborn from disease

Types of contraception, examples

-ALL are forms of Birth Control

-Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC)

-Hormonal

-Barrier

-Natural methods

-Surgical

How oral contraceptives work

Estrogen and progesterone taken orally

-Mimics the hormonal activity of the corpus luteum, secrete estrogen & progesterone levels

-Prevents implantation by changing lining of uterus

Oral contraceptives, what they contain, disadvantages

-contain estrogen and synthetic progesterone

-disadvantage: no protection against HIV or STIs + a lot of side effects

Contraceptive skin patch

-Releases estrogen and progestin slowly into the bloodstream

-worn for one week

Injectable contraceptive

-Hormonal treatment that prevents pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation

-inject every 12 weeks

Emergency contraceptives

-Used only in Emergency, not regularly (Condom breaks or unprotected sex)

-Inhibits/delays ovulation, alters transport of

sperm and/or eggs

(If already pregnant it wont cause an abortion)

How IUD's work

-Decrease of unintended pregnancies more compared to other methods

-Must be inserted & removed by trained professional

Male/female condoms

-Male: thin latex sheaths, protect against HIV & STIs + HPV

-Female: one size/loose/non latex rubber, inserted inside

Advantages of diaphragms

can be inserted up to 6 hours prior to intercourse,free of medical side effects, reusable

Spermicides, how used

- could be cream/jelly/foam

- kills sperm (place deep in the vagina near the cervix & no more than 60 minutes before intercourse

Withdrawal method

no control over pre-ejaculatory fluid that contains viable sperm, no protection against STIs

Vasectomy

the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed

Female sterilization

Burning or blocking the Fallopian tubes. Not reversible

Abortions and legal case

-The expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is developed enough to survive usually by mechanical means or drugs

-1973: Roe versus Wade Abortion is fundamental right under due process clause of 14th Amendment

Pro-life/pro-choice

-Pro-life: The fertilized egg is a human being from the moment of conception and therefore an abortion is murder

-Pro-Choice: There are distinct stages of fetal development and that preserving the fetus early in pregnancy is not the ultimate moral concern

Suction curettage

abortion technique that uses gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus

Pathogens and portal of entry

-pathogen: disease causing microorganism, reservoir (natural environment of pathogen

-Portal of entry: Penetration of the skin, Inhalation, Ingestion

Chain of Infection, breaking each link

pathogen(disinfectants)

reservoir(quarantine)

portal of exit(cover mouth/condom)

transmission(sanitary practice)

portal of entry(mask/condom

new host(immunization)

White blood cells and their individual jobs

*produced in bone marrow

-Neutrophils - engulfs foreign organisms

-Macrophages - large cells devour pathogens

-Natural killer cells - destroy virus and cancer cells

-Dendritic cells - activate lymphocytes

-Lymphocytes - T cells (helper, killer, supressor), B cells (antibodies),

Autoimmune disease

body confuses its own cells as foreign organisms and tries to destroy them, more common in women than men (EX: Grave's disease, lupus, arthritis)

Incubation

viruses or bacteria are activelymultiplying in the body, host can be contagious

Vaccines, how they work, examples

killed or weakened pathogen administered to stimulate the immune system (EX: active immunity:stimulate antibodies against it, passive immunity: injection of antibodies who have recovered, acquired immunity: ability too remember previous infection)

Allergens, anaphylaxis

-allergens: substances that provoke allergies by being inhaled, swallowed, or in contact with the skin

-Anaphylaxis: serious allergic reaction that can be life-threatening

Classes of pathogens, description, and a disease

-viruses: extremely minute contagious agent (parasites that take what they need for growth & reproduction from the cells they invade)

-fungi: absorb food from organic matter

-protozoan: microscopic single-celled organism (malaria)

-parasitic worm: largest organism

-prions: consist only of protein, trigger no immune response

Antibiotic usage

kills bacteria but can build resistance, only use when needed

Bioterrorism

anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism, Ebola

Major STD's

HIV/AIDS, HEPATITIS, SYPHILIS, CHLAMYDIA,HERPES, HIV, GONORRHEA

Primary ways to transmit HIV, an example

unprotected intercourse, direct contact w/ infected blood, sharing needles

Symptoms of HIV infection

fever,fatigue, rash, sore throat, nausea, diarrhea

Opportunistic infections

-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (protozoal infection)

-Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare form of cancer, common in HIV infected men

-Frequent and difficult to treat vaginal yeast infections in women

-Tuberculosis

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

-chlamydia: asyptomatic, pain + burning + vaginal bleeding + flu symptoms

-gonorrhea: women vagina burn + pelvic pain, men have yellow/green discharge + inflamed urethal opening + pain urination

-syphilis: 1. sores+wet ulcer 2. rash, fever, hair loss, sore throat 3. damage to organs/nervous system/cardiovascular damage

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Progressive infection that harms a woman’s reproductive system- lead to sterility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pain

NOT AN STD CAUSED BY STD

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection

Genital herpes (HSV)

STD caused by the herpes simplex virus; sores on genitals, can have periodic outbreaks for life

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood

Phases of syphilis

primary: sores+wet ulcer

secondary: rash, fever, hair loss, sore throat

tertiary: damage to organs/nervous system/cardiovascular damage

What other STD's do

-trichomoniasis: increase risk of other std/hiv/cervical cancer, itchiness

-bacterial vaginosis(bv): shift in healthy bacteria vs overgrowth of anaerobic microorganisms

-pubic lice

-scabies: mites lay eggs beneath the skin (infects objects too)

Diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effective approach to avoiding STD's

-vaccination

-tested

-treatment

-use a condom or ABSTINENCE

Self-assessment of medical problems

Begins with observing your own body and assessing your symptoms

Seeing a physician vs. going to an emergency room at a hospital

physician: sever, unfamiliar, persistent/recurrent

emergency: major damage, uncontrollable, poisoning/drug OD, lost of consciousness

Symptoms, length of time to keep opened medication bottles, and ingredients

Symptoms - your body is trying to heal itself

-open medication is good one year from date

-read the labels +follow directions

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), when used

-CAM therapies used to stop smoking, weightloss, joint pain not emergencies

-CAM: not "mainstream" health care (acupuncture, herbal meds, chiropractic)

Western medicine - other name, how diseases are defined, what it relies on

AKA "Standard Western Medicine"

-bio-medicine: findings from biological + physical science

-US vs Asia

Medical errors

-overprescribed medication due to pressure from patients, mostly older adults, wrong drugs, doctor's poor handwriting, or dangerous combinations

-off-label drug use/online pharmacies

Alternative medical systems, biological-based therapies, manual healing, energy therapies, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

*Focuses on integration of mind, body, and spirit to seek ways of restoring the whole person to harmony

Traditional Chinese medicine's focus and homeopathy

-TCM: balances flow of qi (life force in all living things)

-homeopathy: diluted solutions

-naturopathy: body heals itself

Managed care vs. indemnity health plans

-Managed care: paid by private/public insurance plans & gov assistance

-Indemnity: choose your own doctor but out of own pocket

Managed care health plans

-health maintenance organizations(monthly fee)

-preferred provider organizations(accept lower fees)

-point of service (specialist outside plan, all out of pocket)

Medicare vs. Medicaid

Medicare: over 65

Medicaid: low income

Alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents

contributes to about 33% of all fatal crashes

Preventing motorcycle injuries

-Maximize your visibility

-Wear a helmet (protects against head injuries)

-Protect your eyes with goggles

-Drive defensively

Bicycle injuries, prevention

• Most injuries due to collision between a bike and a car

prevention:

-Maximize your visibility

-Ride with the flow of traffic+ be defensive

-safety equipment

Fires, poisoning, suffocation/choking

-Fires: deaths from cooking, smoking, smoke inhalation

-poisoning: 2.5 mill ppl, ingested from cosmetics/insecticides/ houseplants/medication

-suffocation: 6k deaths annually, heimlich maneuver clears airway

Leisure injuries

Due to misuse of equipment, lack of experience, using alcohol or drugs, not using safety equipment properly

Work injuries/repetitive strain injuries

-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):ensured a safer and healthier environment for workers

- Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) - repeated strain on particular part of body (carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis)

Factors contributing to violence

-social

-violence in media

-gender

-interpersonal factors

-alcohol/drugs

-firearms

Battering and women

Over 85% of domestic violence victims are women

-Women will kill their husbands after repeated beatings or while being beaten, usually in self-defense

Rape victims and their attackers

- Statutory rape:victim is younger than legal age of consent

- Date rape:victim knows or is dating rapist

Factors contributing to date rape:

-Double Standard: cultural belief that nice women don't say yes to sex and real men don't take no for an answer

Reducing seriousness of injuries, providing emergency care

-first aid

-CPR: only when no pulse

-EMS: 1. check situation then victim 2. call for help 3. care for victim when waiting for help