IMMUNOLOGY EXAM 1 - Dr. Paul Davis

E. METCHNIKOFF

human cells are able to eat other cells -> cell-mediated

L. PASTEUR

created inoculation procedures of acquired immunity, weakened anthrax for rabies vaccine

E. JENNER

smallpox vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the "Father of Immunology". Jenner's works "have saved more lives than the work of any other man".

R. KOCH

linked microbe to diseases, anthrax and TB

P. EHLRICH

cell free components are able to kill microbes

what do bacteria release

PAMPS

gram positive bacteria are fought by what

phagocytes

what are gram negative bacteria fought by

cytotoxic t cells or complements

what are examples of pathogenic bacteria

leprosy and TB

how is fungi fought by the immune system

the innate immune response

what parts of the innate i/r fight fungi

inflammasomes and interleukin 2

how are viral infections best fought

acquired i/r

how are worms best fought

Th2 and IgE

examples of APCs

macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

what APC is most effective at stimulating the adaptive i/r

dendritic cells

how do dendritic cells stimulate the adaptive immune response

through naive CD4+ cells

How do B cells recognize antigens?

They bind to "free floating" antigens in the circulatory system

how do b cells present their antigens

to naive CD4+ cells

what activates macrophages

interferon gamma or CD4+ cells

how do all APC's present their antigens

to NAIVE CD4+ cells

AIDS is marked by what? what does it make patients more susceptible too?

depletion of CD4+ cells, opportunistic infections

what gives immediate protection against infections

innate i/s

what provides specialized and powerful defense against infections?

adaptive i/s

how long does it take for the adaptive i/s to respond

5-7 days

In order for the adaptive immune response to be initiated, what has to happen first?

has to be activated by the innate i/r

how is humoral immunity mediated

by b cells and their antibodies

how is cell-mediated immunity mediated?

by t-cells

major site for lymphocytes?

lymph node

antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body by attracting macrophages to eat

active immunity

A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.

passive immunity

An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk

example of active immunity

vaccination

primary immune response

Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure.

what is the primary i/r initiated by

naive lymphocytes

secondary immune response

Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.

what is the secondary i/r initiated

memory cells

clonal expansion

the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen

homeostasis

returning to resting state after infection is cleared

what is homeostasis mediated by

t lymphocytes

when are memory cells produced

during the primary i/r

plasma cells

produce antibodies

effector cells

short-lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen

affinity maturation

The increase in affinity of the antigen-binding sites of antibodies for the antigen that occurs during the course of an adaptive immune response, repeated exposure increases

function of b cells

produce antibodies

generation location and maturation location of b cells

bone marrow

what is the activation signal of b cells

membrane bound antibodies bind to an antigen

general characteristics of b cells

mediates humoral immunity, found in LN

function of helper T cells

Signals for the production of antibodies and activates T cells that will kill the infected cells.

generation location of helper t cells

bone marrow

location of maturation of helper t cells

thymus

activation signal of helper t cells

APC presents on their MHC class II

general characteristics of helper t cells

activate phagocytes and help overall immune system

where are helper t cells found

lymphnode

function of cytotoxic t cells

kills virus-infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by inducing apoptosis

location of generation of cytotoxic t cells

bone marrow

location of maturation of cytotoxic t cells

thymus

activation signal of cytotoxic t cells

any nucleated cell presenting on their MHC class I

general characteristics of cytotoxic t cells

kill infected cells, travel everywhere to audit other cells

natural killer cells are part of what i/r?

innate

true or false: NK cells clonally expand.

false

process of cell mediated immunity

- IL co-stimulates T cell activation

- activated CD4+ t cell releases cytokines to activate macrophages, B, and CD8+ cells

- activated CD8+ cells kill infected cells

process of humoral immunity

- CD4+ cells and IL co-stimulate B lymphocytes to activate

- b cell becomes plasma cells that release antibodies

- antibodies bind to antigens in the lymph or blood to neutralize them

cells that belong to the innate immune system

epithelial barriers, mast cells, dendritic cells, phagocytes, complements, NK and innate lymphoid cells

cells that belong to adaptive immunity

only lymphocytes

what kind of immunity has memory?

adaptive i/r

vertebrates all have what kind of immunity

adaptive

true or false: innate immunity has high specificity, diversity and specialization

false; adaptive immunity does

specificity

ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific responses

diversity

enables the immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens

memory

leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens

clonal expansion

Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes from a small number of naive lymphocytes

specialization

generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

contraction and homeostasis

allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens

non reactivity to self

prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

TCR

t cell receptor

TCR function

antigen recognition from amino acid residues of the pepite and residues of MHC molecules

Ig

immunoglobulin

immunoglobins

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

TLRs

Toll-like receptors

TLR functional significance

recognize PAMPs, eadosomal or extracellular

neutrophil

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

what is the most abundant leukocyte?

neutrophils

PAMPs

pathogen associated molecular patterns

PAMP function

present in infectious agent and are shared by many microbes in the same class

LPS, idsRNA

opsinization

coating of the foreign antigen with antibodies, sometimes bacteria have glycokalix that prevents binding of the bacteria (helps phagocytize the antigens that cannot be bound)

inflammation

a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.

what cells are involved with inflammatory responses

leukocytes and plasma proteins

ADCC

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

ADCC function

leukocytes bind to ADCC coated cells and kill them, involves IgG

septic shock

a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body

what causes septic shock?

Release of endotoxins by bacteria, which act on nerves in vascular spaces in the periphery, causing vascular pooling, reduced venous return, and decreased cardiac output and result in poor systemic perfusion

integrin

A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

chemokine

any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection, drives cells to move by chemical gradient

selectin

allows white blood cells to "anchor"

interleukin (IL)

A chemical secreted by a T cell (usually the helper Ts) that stimulates activation and proliferation of other immune system cells.

CYTOKINE

chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

CRP

C-reactive protein

CRP function

plasma protein in the i/r. binds to capsule of pneumococcal bacteria and activates complement

acute phase response

A response of innate immunity that occurs soon after the start of an infection and involves the synthesis of acute-phase proteins by the liver and their secretion into the blood.

acute phase response is a part of what kind of immunity

innate