Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

Vocabulary flashcards covering body fluids, electrolyte regulation, and acid-base balance mechanisms as discussed in the lecture.

Thirst

The main regulator of water intake.

Capillary endothelium

The structure that separates the plasma and interstitial fluid compartments.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Fluid compartment that has a lower concentration of $Na^+$ ions and a higher concentration of $K^+$ ions than extracellular fluid ($ECF$).

Aldosterone (response to BP)

A hormone that results in increased secretion when there is a decrease in blood pressure.

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

Hormone stimulated by an increase in blood volume that decreases $Na^+$ reabsorption and extracellular fluid volume.

Electrolytes

Substances such as $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, and $Ca^{2+}$; water ($H_2O$) is not one.

Sodium level increase in ECF

Causes water to shift out of the intracellular fluid ($ICF$) and into the extracellular fluid ($ECF$).

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The hormone that mainly regulates $ECF$ calcium levels.

Phosphate storage

A substance where 85% of the body's supply is found in the form of calcium phosphate salts in the bones and teeth.

Aldosterone (stimuli)

Secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II and elevated blood $K^+$ ion levels.

Acid

A substance that releases $H^+$ when it dissociates.

Respiratory regulation of pH

A process that depends upon the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system.

Blood $CO_2$ level increase

Followed by an increase in $H^+$ and a decrease in blood pH.

Urine pH (response to blood)

The parameter that will decrease if the pH of the blood decreases.

Respiratory alkalosis

A condition caused by hyperventilation due to emotions.

Hypocalcemia

A condition characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms.

Diuretic

A substance that causes increased urine production.

Diabetes insipidus

A condition caused by the hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone ($ADH$).

Respiratory acidosis

A condition resulting from the reduced elimination of $CO_2$ from the body.

Metabolic acidosis

A condition that can be caused by vomiting of intestinal contents, untreated diabetes mellitus, heart failure, or ingestion of aspirin.

Sweat loss effect

The loss of a large volume of sweat results in body fluids becoming hypertonic and a decrease in plasma volume.

Feces

The smallest source of water loss from the body under normal circumstances.

Carbonic anhydrase

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.

Vitamin D

A substance necessary for the transport of $Ca^{2+}$ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract.

Acidosis effect

The major effect of this condition is the depression of the nervous system.

Alkalosis effect

The major effect of this condition is the hyperexcitability of the nervous system.

Metabolic acidosis symptoms (diarrhea)

Effects observed during severe diarrhea from E. coli include decreased blood pH, increased respiratory rate, and $H^+$ secretion into the urine.