PNB 2264 Practical 1

Neck of humerus

The narrowed portion of the humerus between the head and shaft of the bone

lesser trochanter of femur

more posterior

Tibia

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

Objective lens

The lens on a microscope that is closest to the stage and has a magnification of

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

regular dense connective tissue

Found tendons and ligaments

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

Zygomatic Bones

The left and right cheek bones

Mandible Bone

Lower jaw

Palatine Bones

Two bones that form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

Malleus

The largest ossicle that is attached to the eardrum

Stapes

The smallest ossicle connected to the oval window of the inner ear

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae in the middle of the spinal column

Coccyx

Three to five vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Diagastricus

Opens mouth (lowers mandible), elevates & holds hyoid during speech and swallowing

Clavicle

Collar bone

left vs right scapula

Spine in the back and glenoid cavity lateral and points to the correct side

Shaft of the humerus

Long, slender portion of a long bone

radial tuberosity

a rough bump just below the head of the radius where the biceps brachii tendon attaches

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm that has a smaller styloid process

olecranon process

Located at the proximal end of the ulna and visible from the posterior perspective, this is the point of your elbow. Shaped like a U

flexor carpi ulnaris

Forearm muscle on the medial side; flexes and adducts the wrist

Coxal bones

Hip bones made up of the ilium, ischium and pubis bones

Accetabulum

Cup-shaped socket in the pelvis that holds the femoral head to form the hip joint

Pubis

The medial anterior portion of the pelvis

Pelvis

ossa coxae + sacrum + coccyx

male vs female pelvis

Male: Narrower, longer, heart shaped pelvic cavity , pubic arch < 90°.

Female: Wider, shorter, oval pelvic cavity, pubic arch > 90°

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

internal oblique

Middle abdominal layer that flexes and rotates

gluteus minimus

abduction and medial rotation of hip

Psoas major

flexes hip

Quadriceps

a muscle group consisting of four muscles that is located along the front of the thigh

rectus femoris

flexes hip and extends knee

vastus lateralis

extends knee

Tibialis anterior

Front of the lower leg and allows for dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

Gastrocnemius

A superficial, two-headed calf muscle that plantar flexes the foot and also helps flex the knee

Soleus

A deeper calf muscle beneath the gastrocnemius that plantar flexes the foot and steadies leg when standing

Which muscles adduct the shoulder

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and infraspinatus

Which muscles adduct the hips

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gluteus maximus and Gracilis

Ocular lenses

Eye pieces used to view the magnified image from the slide that has a magnification of 10x

Diaphragm of microscope

controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

Stage

Supports the slide being viewed

Coaxial Stage Controls

Moves the slide left/right and backward/forward

Course knob

Makes large, rapid movements to bring a specimen into rough view

Fine course knob

Used to make fine adjustments when focusing a specimen

Arm of microscope

Supports the body and stage and is attached to the base.

Base of microscope

Bottom of the microscope

Revolving nose piece

Holds the objective lenses

Light Source

Projects light upwards through the diaphragm to allow you to see the specimen

Magnification

ocular power * objective power

actual size formula

image size/magnification

1 meter = _____ millimeters

10^3 millimeters

1 meter= _____ micrometers

10^6 micrometers

Eosin

A pink stain that is acidic/negatively charged that stains basic/positively charged substances

Hematoxylin

A dark blue stain that is basic/positively charged that stains acidic/negatively charged substances

Height of cell

Distance between free surface and basement membrane

Basement membrane

Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Free space

Simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

multiple layers of cube shaped cells

Simple columnar epithelium

single layer of column shaped cells

Stratified columnar epithelium

Multiple layers of column shaped cells

areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue that cushions and supports

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

ground substance

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

Fibroblasts

Cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat

Adipocytes

fat cells

Irregular dense connective tissue

Found in the dermis, fibrous coverings surrounding organs and joints

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

Cardiac muscle features

Contain branched individual muscle cells, single nuclei, intercalated discs, and striations

intercalated discs

Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

Skeletal muscle features

Contains multiple nuclei, individual cells, striations

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

Smooth muscle contains

Contains nuclei and individual muscle cells

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Dermis

middle layer of skin

subcutaneous

Fat layer underneath the skin

sweat glands

Secrete perspiration

sebaceous glands

Secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles

hair follicle

Sac within which each hair grows

hyaline cartilage

flexible, firm gel matrix that cushions, supports and reinforces other tissues and organs

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Firm hyaline matrix but with more organized collagen fiber that can resist compressive force

lacuna

Hosts cells (chondrocytes)

Chondrocytes

cartilage cells

Cortical Bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

spongy bone

A type of bone tissue that is found on the inside of the bone and can be deformed without fracturing

Osteon

A unit of bone

Central Canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

Lacunae

Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

Skull

Cranium

Frontal Bone

bone that forms the forehead

Parietal Bone

Two bones forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull

Occipital Bone

Bone that protrudes at the base of the skull

Occipital condyles

Articulates with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)