AP hug Notes

Map Purpose

Maps serve as visual representations of areas for navigation, understanding spatial relationships, analyzing geographic patterns, and communicating geographic information.

Thematic Maps

Types of thematic maps include Choropleth, Isoline, Dot-Map, and Catogram.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses color or shading to show data such as population density or economic indicators.

Isoline Map

A thematic map that uses lines to represent areas with equal values, such as temperature or elevation.

Dot-Map

A thematic map that uses dots to represent the presence or quantity of a feature.

Catogram

A thematic map that distorts geographic areas based on a particular variable like population.

Reference Maps

Reference maps provide information on boundaries, cities, and major landmarks.

Political Map

A reference map that shows administrative boundaries, cities, and major landmarks.

Road Map

A reference map that displays physical features such as mountains, rivers, and valleys.

Physical Map

A reference map that shows geographical features like streets, highways, and transportation networks.

Topographic Map

A reference map that uses contour lines to detail terrain and elevation.

Mercator Projection

A map projection that preserves angles and shapes but distorts size.

Robinson Projection

A map projection that balances size and shape distortion, commonly used for world maps.

Peters Projection

A map projection that maintains equal area but distorts shapes.

Conic Projection

A map projection best suited for mapping smaller areas, like countries or states.

Quantitative Spatial Patterns

Patterns like absolute direction, absolute distance, and absolute location that are measurable.

Qualitative Spatial Patterns

Patterns like relative direction, relative distance, and relation location based on context.

Latitude

Runs East to West.

Longitude

Runs North to South.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems, a computer system that displays data using geocoding.

GPS

Global Positioning System that uses satellites to determine precise positions on Earth.

Remote Sensing

The collection of data from satellites or aircraft.

Time-Space Compression

Processes that cause relative distances between places to contract, making them seem closer.

Spatial Interaction

The contact, movement, and flow of things between locations.

Renewable Resources

Resources like solar energy and wind power that can naturally replenish.

Nonrenewable Resources

Resources like coal and oil that cannot replenish in a human timeframe.

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live.

Population Density

The number of people per unit area.

Arithmetic Density

Total number of people per unit of land.

Agricultural Density

Total number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Physiological Density

Total number of people per unit of arable land.

Population Composition

Information on demographics, mainly focusing on age and sex.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation showing the distribution of various age groups.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing the stages of population change as countries modernize.

First Agricultural Revolution

The shift from hunting and gathering to settled farming.

Green Revolution

A period marked by increased agricultural production due to high-yield crops and technology.

Centripetal Forces

Factors that unify or bring people together within a state.

Centrifugal Forces

Factors that divide or create conflict within a state.

Colonialism

The practice of a country extending its power and influence over other territories.

Gerrymandering

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party.

Unitary State

A government system where power is centralized.

Federal State

A system that unites separate political entities under an overarching government.