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Population Density
Population/Area
Rule of 70
70 / percent growth rate
Population growth rate as a percentage
births - deaths / number of people * 100
Rate of Change
final - initial / final time - initial time
Percent change
Final - initial / initial * 100
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) - Respiration
Gross Primary Productivity
GPP = Rate of photosynthesis by plants
or
GPP = total solar energy captured by plants - energy lost due to respiration by plants
Fuel Efficiency
Distance traveled / Unit of Fuel consumed
10% rule
roughly 10% of energy transfers from trophic levels in a food chain, with the rest being lost as heat
Half Life
natural log (ln) * (2) / decay constant
LD50
Dose / Weight