Module 2.4: Photosynthesis & Additional Enzymatic Reactions

What do phototrophs use as their main energy source? (A. Glucose, B. Light, C. Lipids, D. Proteins)

B. Light

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant and algal cells? (A. Mitochondria, B. Chloroplasts, C. Golgi, D. Nucleus)

B. Chloroplasts

What pigment is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis? (A. Hemoglobin, B. Chlorophyll, C. Melanin, D. Carotene)

B. Chlorophyll

Do animal cells contain chloroplasts? (A. Yes, B. No)

B. No

Photosynthesis converts sunlight into what usable forms of energy? (A. ATP and NADPH, B. Glucose only, C. Pyruvate, D. FADH2)

A. ATP and NADPH

Chloroplasts are found in which organisms? (A. Animals only, B. Plants and algae, C. Bacteria only, D. Fungi only)

B. Plants and algae

What is photophosphorylation? (A. Light reaction of photosynthesis, B. Dark reaction, C. Glycolysis, D. Fermentation)

A. Light reaction of photosynthesis

What does photophosphorylation require? (A. Oxygen, B. Light, C. Glucose, D. Pyruvate)

B. Light

What are the two main products of photophosphorylation? (A. ATP and NADPH, B. CO2 and water, C. FADH2 and glucose, D. Lactate and ethanol)

A. ATP and NADPH

Where does photophosphorylation occur? (A. Cytoplasm, B. Thylakoid membrane, C. Mitochondrial matrix, D. Ribosome)

B. Thylakoid membrane

What does photophosphorylation generate to power ATP production? (A. Neutrons, B. Proton gradient, C. Calcium pump, D. Sodium current)

B. Proton gradient

Photophosphorylation is similar to which process in cellular respiration? (A. Krebs cycle, B. Electron transport chain, C. Fermentation, D. Glycolysis)

B. Electron transport chain

What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle? (A. Make ATP, B. Fix carbon into organic molecules, C. Break down glucose, D. Produce oxygen)

B. Fix carbon into organic molecules

What molecule is the main product of the Calvin cycle that eventually forms glucose? (A. Pyruvate, B. G3P, C. NADP+, D. FADH2)

B. G3P

What do the dark reactions use from the light reactions? (A. O2 and glucose, B. ATP and NADPH, C. Water and CO2, D. Lactate and ethanol)

B. ATP and NADPH

Does the Calvin cycle require light to occur? (A. Yes, B. No)

B. No

Why is the Calvin cycle called a “dark reaction”? (A. It must occur at night, B. It does not directly require light, C. It only happens underground, D. It stops when exposed to light)

B. It does not directly require light

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule? (A. 1, B. 2, C. 4, D. 6)

D. 6

During the Calvin cycle, ATP is converted into what? (A. G3P, B. ADP, C. NADH, D. O2)

B. ADP

Which molecule is regenerated and returned to the light reactions after the Calvin cycle? (A. NADP+, B. Glucose, C. Pyruvate, D. FADH2)

A. NADP+

The Calvin cycle is part of which overall process? (A. Glycolysis, B. Photosynthesis, C. Fermentation, D. Protein synthesis)

B. Photosynthesis

What do enzymes do in a cell? (A. Destroy substrates, B. Slow reactions, C. Catalyze biochemical reactions, D. Store energy)

C. Catalyze biochemical reactions

What suffix do most enzyme names end with? (A. -ose, B. -ase, C. -ine, D. -ate)

B. -ase

Protease catalyzes the breakdown of what? (A. Lipids, B. Proteins, C. Carbohydrates, D. DNA)

B. Proteins

What does catalase break down? (A. Glucose, B. CO2, C. Hydrogen peroxide, D. ATP)

C. Hydrogen peroxide

Why is catalase important for cell survival? (A. It produces glucose, B. It prevents oxidative damage, C. It stores oxygen, D. It forms membranes)

B. It prevents oxidative damage

Lipase catalyzes the breakdown of: (A. DNA, B. Fats (lipids), C. Proteins, D. Starch)

B. Fats (lipids)

Why can enzymes be detected in lab tests? (A. They are consumed in reactions, B. They change color, C. They are not destroyed during reactions, D. They become radioactive)

C. They are not destroyed during reactions

Enzyme specificity means each enzyme: (A. Works on many substrates, B. Works on one specific substrate, C. Is inactive, D. Works only in darkness)

B. Works on one specific substrate

What do hydrolases do? (A. Join molecules, B. Break bonds with water, C. Move electrons, D. Rearrange atoms)

B. Break bonds with water

Which enzyme class rearranges a molecule into a different isomer? (A. Isomerases, B. Transferases, C. Lyases, D. Ligases)

A. Isomerases

Which enzyme forms covalent bonds between molecules? (A. Lyase, B. Ligase, C. Oxidoreductase, D. Hydrolase)

B. Ligase

Which enzyme breaks bonds without hydrolysis or oxidation? (A. Lyase, B. Hydrolase, C. Transferase, D. Isomerase)

A. Lyase

Which enzyme type catalyzes electron transfer reactions? (A. Oxidoreductases, B. Ligases, C. Hydrolases, D. Isomerases)

A. Oxidoreductases

Which enzyme transfers functional groups between molecules? (A. Transferases, B. Hydrolases, C. Lyases, D. Oxidoreductases)

A. Transferases

What can inhibition of a single enzyme lead to in microbes? (A. Faster growth, B. Functional equilibrium, C. Survival failure, D. Increased ATP production)

C. Survival failure

What is an enzyme’s active site? (A. The storage area, B. The region where the substrate binds, C. The membrane channel, D. The waste site)

B. The region where the substrate binds

What determines enzyme specificity? (A. Temperature, B. Shape and chemistry of the active site, C. Color of the enzyme, D. Size of the product)

B. Shape and chemistry of the active site

What happens after a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site? (A. The enzyme is destroyed, B. The substrate is converted into product, C. DNA replication begins, D. ATP is released)

B. The substrate is converted into product

Can enzymes be used again after releasing the product? (A. No, B. Yes)

B. Yes

What is the molecule that binds to the enzyme’s active site called? (A. Product, B. Substrate, C. Cofactor, D. Catalyst)

B. Substrate

Why are enzyme reactions clinically important? (A. They glow under UV, B. They can be detected and used for diagnosis, C. They create toxins, D. They prevent bacterial growth)

B. They can be detected and used for diagnosis

Why are enzyme types helpful in microbiology? (A. They determine cell size, B. They help identify microbes based on their biochemical processes, C. They control cell movement, D. They increase temperature)

B. They help identify microbes based on their biochemical processes