All of Unit 1 - Honnors HBS

Abdominal

belly/guts

abdominopelvic cavity

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera

acromial

top of shoulder

adipose tissue

a type of connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation and cushioning for organs

anatomical position

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

anatomy

science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures

Antebrachial

forearm

Antecubital

inside of elbow

anterior

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral

A&P/body plane

a two dimensional line that divides the body into two parts, there are three basic body planes

atom

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

Axillary

armpit

basement membrane

a thin, fibrous layer of extracellular matrix that separates epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue, providing support and anchoring the epithelium

Brachial

Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)

Buccal

cheek

Calcaneal

heel

Carpal

wrist

caudal

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior

cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

Cephalic

brain (head)

Cervical

neck

connective tissue

a diverse group of tissues that support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs in the body, including bone, blood, and adipose tissue

connective tissue membrane

membrane that surrounds organs and structures, providing support and protection

control center

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

coronal/frontal plane

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Coxal

hips

cranial

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior

cranial cavity

division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain

crural

shin, anterior

cutaneous membrane

the largest epithelial membrane, commonly known as the skin, that covers and protects the body

deep

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

diaphragm

skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is dome

Digital

fingers/toes

distal

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

dorsal

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior

Dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and vertebral cavities

ectoderm

the outermost layer of the three primary germ layers in an embryo, which differentiates into tissues such as skin and nervous system

effector

organ that can cause a change in a value

endoderm

the innermost layer of the three primary germ layers in an embryo, which develops into tissues such as the digestive tract and respiratory system

epithelial membrane

a membrane composed of epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities, providing protection and facilitating absorption

epithelial tissue

a thin layer of cells lining blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, playing a crucial role in regulating blood flow and nutrient exchange

facial

face

Femoral

thigh

frontal plane

divides the body into front and back or anterior and posterior sections

Gluteal

butt

gross anatomy

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to as macroscopic anatomy

hallux

big toe

homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

inferior

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

Inguinal

groin

lamina propria

a layer of connective tissue that supports the fragile epithelial layer

lateral

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

lower limb

leg

Lumbar

lower back

Mammary

breast

medial

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

mental

chin

mesoderm

the middle layer of the three primary germ layers in an embryo, which gives rise to tissues such as muscle, bone, and the circulatory system

microscopic anatomy

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

molecule

two or more atoms covalently bonded together

mucous membrane

a type of epithelial membrane that lines body cavities opening to the exterior, producing mucus to lubricate and protect

muscle tissue

a type of tissue composed of fibers that contract to produce movement in the body, and can be classified into three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Nasal

nose

negative feedback

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

nervous tissue

a specialized tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body, coordinating sensory and motor functions; composed of neurons and glial cells

oblique plane

divides body at an angle

Occipital

head (posterior)

Olecranal

elbow (posterior, pointy part)

Oral

mouth

Orbital

eye

organ

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

organelle

any of several different types of membrane

otic

ear

palmar

palm

Patellar

knee (anterior)

pedal

foot

Pelvic

"basin" (coxal & sacral regions)

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

contains the heart

phalanges

fingers, toes

physiology

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

plantar

sole of foot

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

pollex

thumb

Popliteal

knee (posterior)

positive feedback

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

posterior

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal

prone

face down

proximal

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

regional anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

Sacral

tail bone

sagittal plane

an anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left halves

Scapular

shoulder blade

sensor

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

serous membrane

a type of epithelial membrane that lines cavities not opening to the exterior and secretes a serous fluid to reduce friction between organs

set point

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

Sternal

breastbone

superficial

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

superior

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial