2.1a: Research methods

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78 Terms

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Non-directional
A hypothesis which states that there is a difference but not what the difference will be.
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Directional
A hypothesis which states the direction of the difference or relationship.
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Null
A hypothesis which states the study will find no difference between IV and DV.
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IV

The variable of the study/experiment which is changed.

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DV

The variable which is measured.

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Pilot
A small study carried out before the bigger study.
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Confederate
A person who participates in a study, but is not measured.
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Extraneous

In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause unwanted changes in the DV. Effects all participants, such as lighting.

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Confounding
A variable other than the IV that causes changes to the DV; usually found after a study.
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Situational
Variables where environmental factors may cause issues with participants.
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Standardised procedures
A set of procedures that are the same for all participants in order to combat situational variables.
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Experimenter
Variables where the presence of the experimenter may cause problems with participants, such as their gender, age, race or accent.
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Double-blind
A technique where the person conducting the experiment doesn't know the aims, same as the participants.
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Participant
A variable where characteristics such as age, gender, and intelligence that vary from one individual to another and may affect the results.
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Matched pairs
An experimental design where subjects are first matched by a characteristic and then assigned into different groups.
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Repeated measures
An experimental design where the same participants are used in all the conditions in an experiment.
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Demand characteristics
Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.
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Target population
The total group to be studied or described and from whom samples may be drawn.
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Generalisable
The results from the sample can be applied to the target population.
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Random
A method of sampling that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected.
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Systematic
A method of sampling where every nth item in the target population is selected.
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Opportunity
A method of sampling where anyone who can be asked is asked.
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Volunteer
A method of sampling where participants are invited to take part.
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Stratified
A sampling method that is variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighted based on demographic characteristics of the national population.
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WEIRD
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic.
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Snowball
A method of sampling that recruits via referrals from one participant to others.
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Reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings.
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Internal validity
Extent to which the IV effects DV; with no issues from EVs.
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External validity
Extent to which we can generalize findings across populations, areas and times.
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Mundane realism
The extent to which an experiment is similar to real-life situations.
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Control
How consistent the study remains over IV changes; participants, environment, etc.
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Primary
Data that is collected firsthand by the researcher and are specifically designed. They can be lengthy or expensive, but have total control.
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Secondary
Data that is collected from already available research, so struggles to fit the needs of research. Quick and easy.
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Quantitative
Data that is numerical, and can be divided into different forms.
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Qualitative
Data that is word based, such as interviews and articles.
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Nominal
Data is organised into named categories, such as 'yes' and 'no'. Measures frequencies, lowest level of measurement.
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Ordinal
Ranked data, such as a happiness scale. Middle level of measurement.
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Outlying data
Anomalous data, skews the data and increases standard deviation.
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Central tendency
Measures that calculate an average; mean, mode and median.
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Dispersion
Measures that show how representative the mean is; range and standard deviation.
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Standard deviation
Sum that quantifies the amount of dispersion of the values in a data set; shows how accurate the mean is.
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Interval
Data that uses numerical measurements with equal distances between them. Highest level of measurement, can go into negatives.
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Ratio
Data that uses numerical measurements with equal distances between them. Highest level of measurement, cannot go into negatives.
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Correlational
Studies that aim to show a correlation.
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Correlation coefficient
A scale from 1- - 1 that rates the strength of the correlation.
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Case study
A non-experimental method that entails an in-depth examination of a person, institution or community using many different investigation methods.
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Co-variables
Replacement for IV and DV in non-experimental studies.
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Longitudinal
Studies that take place over a long period of time, often case studies.
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Attrition
People dropping out a study for various reasons.
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Cohort
Type of effects where generational experiences make the study un-generalisable across generations.
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Self report
Techniques where a person describes their own opinions and emotions.
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Questionnaire
Written questions with written answers.
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Interview
Verbal questions with verbal answers.
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Closed
Questionnaire questions with set answers to be selected from.
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Unstructured
An interview that allows for unplanned questions, which can have a small set list or be completely random.
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Validity
Whether the observed effect is genuine, whether it measures what it's supposed to and can be generalised.
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Order
Effects where participant fatigue or boredom due to repeating a study, occurs during a repeated measures design.
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Counterbalancing
How to overcome order effects, using and AB or BA method, or the ABBA method.
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ABBA
Type of counterbalancing where participants complete all conditions twice.
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AB
Type of counterconditioning where groups are split into two, with one doing condition A first and then B, and the other doing the reverse.
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Social desirability
Bias that causes participants to give a more socially acceptable answer.
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Lab
Experiments that occur in a controlled environment.
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Field
Experiments that occur in natural environments.
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Online
Research that occurs via the internet.
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Quasi
Experiments where the IV is not manipulated for ethical or plausibility reasons.
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Content analysis
Analysis of already existing content, such as advertisements and books.
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Behavioural categories
Breaks down content into quantitative data, done in quantitative analysis.
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Cross-sectional
Non-experimental studies that compare two or more groups of people with a difference, such as young and old people.
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Debrief
An interview after a study/experiment to check a person’s welfare and allow a person to withdraw their data.
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Presumptive
Consent that is assumed from asking a similar group.
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Retrospective
Consent given after a study.
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Observation
A type of non-experimental research where behaviour is observed.
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Event sampling
Type of observation where the frequency of behaviours within one time frame is counted.
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Time sampling
Type of observation where the frequency of behaviours across multiple time frames is counted.
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Overt
Type of observation where the participants have given informed consent to be observed.
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Covert
Type of observation where the participants are observed in secret.
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Intervening

The third variable in correlation studies that may have caused the correlations.

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Confounding

Type of variable that affects individual participants, such as mood.