Psy 1100 UVU exam 1 Experience Human Development Textbook by Diane E. Papalia 14th edition ch 1-4

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

describe, explain, predict, intervene

describe

what are they doing

explain

why are they doing that

predict

what would happen if I acted this way

intervine

changing their behavior - what can I do to get them to stop doing that

Natural distribution

the graph:

Prenatal Infancy/toddler Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence Emerging adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood

Prenatal - before birth Infancy/toddler - Birth-3 Early Childhood - (3-6) Middle childhood - (6-11) Adolescence - (11-20) Emerging adulthood - (20-40) Middle adulthood - (40-65) Late adulthood - (65+)

Psychoanalysis

focuses on discovering the causes of the client's unconscious and repressed thoughts through talking freely - Sigmond Froid (unconscious thoughts shape our personalities, true beliefs of an individual are seen by innocent slips of the tongue), Erik Erikson (Development lifelong, not just childhood. Each stage of development characterized by a 'crisis'; trust vs. mistrust. Crisis resolution leads to a 'virtue')

Learning

how behaviors can be observed and changed through conditioning - observable behaviors, conditioned reflexes. Pavlov (dogs) - classical conditioning, BF Skinner - operant conditioning, John B Watson (little Albert) - classical conditioning

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

classical: associating an involuntary response with stimuli Operant: associating a voluntary behavior with a consequence, positive and negative reinforcement

cognitive

studies internal mental processes, not just behavior - thinking, judgment, perception, feelings, intuition. Jean piaget

Which scientific goal is reflected by suggesting that high school students who score a 1000 or more on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (S.A.T.) will be successful in college? ( describe, explain, predict, or intervene)

Predict

major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective

Organismic stage theory Focused on normal cognitive development Primarily in childhood Assumed development was mostly biological (not environmental) High heuristic value (generated further research)

The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective

1. people are active in their environment

2. behavior develops in specific stages regardless of culture

Dr. Berry, who employs the ecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Berry is studying development at the __________ level of environmental influence.

mesosystem

Contextual

Development can be understood only in its social contexts

bioecological theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner - Development is understood only in a social context; • individual is inseparable from its environment

Evolutionary/Sociobiological

Behaviors evolved based on the demands of environments -Natural selection applied to behavior

Scientific Method:

1.Ask a Question 2.Perform research 3. Establish your hypothesis (Hypothesis and theories are different) 4. Test your hypothesis by conducting an experiment 5. Analyze the results and draw a conclusion

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research (quantity) Objectively measurable data, often numerical Qualitative research (quality) Non-numerical data: Beliefs, Feelings

biological psychology

concerned with the links between biology and behavior

Cognitive Psychology

focuses on studying thought and their relationship to our experiences and actions. perception, cognition, memory, language, intelligence, thinking, attention, problem solving

developmental psychology

looking at change over a lifetime. Conditioning, lifespan development, language, learning

social and personality psychology

how people's thoughts, feeling, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. personality, emotion, motivation, gender, culture, social

abnormal, clinical, and health psychology

mental and physical health, psychology, therapy, stress, lifestyle, clinical is focused on diagnosis.

normative age-graded influences

changes that occur to most people at a certain age ( marriage, school, first words)

normative history-graded influences

common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

nonnormative life events

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life

cohort

a group of people from a given time period

Sensitive vs. Critical Periods

Sensitive periods: A limited time window in development during which the effects of experience on the brain are unusually strong

Critical periods: a special class of sensitive periods where behaviors do not develop normally if appropriate stimulation is not received during a restricted period of time

The concept of plasticity is most closely related to the issue of

sensitive periods

the principles of life-span development identified by Baltes (1987)

1. lifelong

2. multidimensional

3. multidirectional

4. Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span

5. involves changing resource allocations

6. shows plasticity

7. influenced by the historical and cultural context

A developmental scientist who studies brain development is studying the __________ domain of the self.

physical

Which of the following would NOT have been the focus of developmental psychologists in the inception of the field of developmental psychology?

Divorce

Marcus is 14 months old and having great difficulty when left with the babysitter. His separation anxiety is an example of interaction between which two types of development?

cognitive and social

Which type of development is most involved in the growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health?

Physical

Domains of Development

physical/ biological (Genetics, diet, exercise), psychosocial/emotional (Parents, peers, temperament), cognitive (IQ, decision making ability, ability to learn)

meta-cognition

thinking about thinking, how you learn, your understanding of how you learn, what your learn

Hypothosis

Tentative explanation or statement that can be tested by research

Theory

A set of logically related concepts that seek to organize, explain, and predict data is called a

case study

takes in in-depth look at one individual. can't be replicated, can be overgeneralizing

natualistic observation

watching behavior in a natural environment. great at describing behavior, not good at explaining it

survey

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions. who you ask and how you ask is important

Expiriment

A controlled procedure in which the experimenter manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is a(n)

double-blind procedure

neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.

positive vs negative correlation

Positive: Both variables increase or decrease at the same time Negative: one variable increases while the other decreases

Reliable

when test results are reasonably consistent from one time to another

Valid

The test actually measures what it claims to measure

Cross-sectional Designs:

2 or more age groups (cohorts) at a single point in time

longitudinal

1 group of people over time

Sequential Designs:

2 or more age (cohort) groups, follow each group longitudinally Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal; examines change, and age (cohort) differences

A major limitation of both longitudinal and sequential designs is

participant attrition (people drop out over time)

The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a __________; sensory impressions go in and behavior comes out

computer

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, which medication is recommended to pregnant or breastfeeding women? Tylenol Advil Caffeine None of these

None of these

Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct, according to your textbook? A person's height is determined by his or her genes. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be raised by improved nutrition. Nutrition is more important than genetic limits or range.

A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.

In human development class, Tasha and Vladimir learned that it is the chromosomes of __________ that will determine the sex of the child they hope to have together.

the father

Generalizing from the text, one would predict that characteristics that exhibit a ___________ degree of canalization would display a ___________ level of concordance in monozygotic twins. high; high low; high high; negative low; stable

high, high

Women who start pregnancy at a normal weight and who gain less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are more likely to have healthy babies. less likely to have late miscarriages. less likely to have complications. more likely to have low-birth-weight babies.

more likely to have low-birth-weight babies.

The fact that language development proceeds in a very standard, sequenced manner in nearly all children, suggests that language development

is highly canalized.

single-celled zygote

made from Sperm and ovum, part of fertilization

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):

base pairs of chemicals (steps on ladder)lHumans have 4 base pairs

Monozygotic

single zygote divides after conception/ fertilization creating identical twins

Dizygotic

different ovum with 2 different sperm cells create fraternal twins

Chromosomes

strands of genes

Genetic code:

Sequence of base pairs in DNA; determine trait

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance or visible traits, Genotype and environment make up phenotype

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism, No two people have the same genotype except identical twins

Alleles

2+ Different forms of a gene, 2 alleles 1 from each parent

Dominant Inheritance

(heterozygous allele) Child receives 1 allele from each parent and 1 is dominant (brown eyes instead of blue)

Recessive Inheritance

(homozygous allele) Identical recessive alleles (you can't curl tongue even if both parents can)

Co-dominant

(Heterozygous alleles) Balance influenced, both expressed at full intensity, allele for A blood and B blood both seen in blood antigen

Polygenic Inheritance

Affected by many genes= one outcomes. Most genes are inherited this way

Germinal Stage

Happens first 2 weeks, safe from teratogens, gestation takes places,

canalized

a trait that is canalized follows a strictly defined path, regardless of most environmental and genetic variations

During which period of pregnancy are babies most vulnerable to teratogens?

Embryonic stage

The method of childbirth experienced by the vast majority of mothers is a __________ delivery.

vaginal

According to your textbook, which of the following statements about SIDS is TRUE

It is associated with defects in the brain stem.

For how many hours a day does the average newborn sleep?

18

Cody looks to his mother for clues regarding the safety of a situation. This skill is known as social

referencing

Infant Janine is using her whole hand to "point" at her favorite toy. Her actions are best explained by

the proximodistal principle.

cephalocaudal pattern of growth.

head to tail

proximodistal principle

the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

Genotype x Environment Correlations - Passive

Parents share genes w/ child & provide environment that fosters traitúAthletic parents=Soccer practice=trait reinforced

Genotype x Environment Correlations - Reactive or Evocative

Based on their traits, children evokeresponses from others which fosters traitúChild is skilled in soccer=coaches & parents encourage=trait reinforced

Genotype x Environment Correlations - Active & Niche-Picking

choosing an environment that suits your traitsúChild is athletic=they choose to play soccer, etc.

Stages of Childbirth

The Cervix dilates to 10cm to prepare for the baby to be delivered. End of stage is marked by the baby's head moving through the cervix into the vaginal canal The baby moves down the vaginal canal and is born. End of Stage is marked by the baby emerging from the mother's body The placenta is delivered.

Size and appearance of newborns

The average newborn is 20 inches long and weighs 7.5 lbs

Fontanels:

Soft plates of the head. The bones that make up the skull haven't fused together yet

Lanugo:

Fuzzy prenatal hair that eventually falls off

Vernix Caseosa:

Oily protection against infection. Dries off in the first few days

APGAR

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

appearance

0Blue and pale 1Body pink, limbs blue 2All pink

PULSE

0Absent 1Slow (<100) 2Rapid

GRIMACE

0None 1Grimace 2Coughing and Crying

ACTIVITY

0Limp 1Weak 2Strong

RESPIRATION

0Absent 1Irregular, slow 2Good, Crying

Birth Trauma:

Injury at time of birth ex: Anoxia (oxygen deprivement), disease/infection, physical injury

Prematurity:

When a baby is born before 37 weeks gestation

Postmaturity:

When a baby is born after 42 weeks of gestation complications: Insufficient blood supply, large size

Low birth weight

Weight is <90% of babies of the same gestational age (less than 5.5 lbs) Increased risk of neurological and cognitive impairment; lower academic achievement and IQ; and social, behavioral, and attention problems