Survey of Communication Disorders Final

Meaning is exchanged via a code called __________________

language

3 types of language

spoken, written, signed

Communication is the exchange between a _______________ and a ___________________

sender; receiver

Communication disorders can be one area, or a combination of areas related to:

speech, language, and hearing

Describe the 4 types of communication disorders

1. Congenital (present at birth)

2. Functional (doesn't affect their daily life)

3. Organic (cleft palate)

4. Acquired (come about after development, ex TBI)

Difference between a language disorder and a language difference

Language disorder is an impairment that affects communication.

Language difference is a difference is communication from what is in the mainstream culture.

What is the smallest unit that distinguishes meaning between sounds in. a given language?

phone

the study of speech sounds and sound patterns to create words

phonology

the study of how speech sounds are produced and perceived

phonetics

What disorder is the interruption in the flow of speech that involves smoothness, rate, and effort

fluency

Which age group contains the largest group of stutters?

2-6 year olds

Name 3 acquired language disorders:

TBI, stroke, dementia

Name 3 types of hearing disorders

Conductive, sensorineural, mixed

Unilateral

1

bilateral

2

word with a high, front English vowel

bee

word containing a low, back English vowel

taught

English consonants are produced based on:

voice, manner, placing

The 3 building blocks of language:

form, content, and use

Pragmatics

social use of language

What word refers to the production of various sounds?

babbling

What word refers to babbling with adult-like patterns?

jargon

How many words do children know at 5 years of age?

4000

First words develop typically around what age?

1 year

Higher incidence of communication disorders are present in the children of parents with histories of communication disorders?

true

Name 3 factors that influence communication styles:

socioeconomic status, gender, and familial education

What is culture?

A set of beliefs that a group of people follow and live by

Compare socialization and acculturation

Socialization is learning about one's own culture; acculturation is learning/adapting to a different culture

The ability to use one type of language in certain situations and another type of language in other environments is known as

code-switching

Efferent

neurons that control motor functions

afferent

neurons that control sensory functions

Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves:

I. Olfactory

II. Optic

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear

V. Trigeminal

VI. Abducens

VII. Facial

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

IX. Glossopharyngeal

X. Vagus

XI. Accessory

XII. Hypoglossal

What is the fatty insulator around neurons that helps speed transmission of messages?

myelin

The Wernicke's area of the brain responsible for language interpretation, damage in this area results in a deficit in

language comprehension

Broca's area of the brain is responsible for programming speech movements, damage is this area causes problems with

carrying out speech movements

What connects the Broca and Wernicke's areas?

arcuate fasciculus

two medical imaging methods used to study the brain

MRI and CT

What is the primary muscle that expands the lungs?

diaphragm

What part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

cerebellum

Fixed articulation structures:

teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate

Mobile articulation structures:

jaw, tongue, face, and velopharynx

Maxillae

upper jaw

Mandible

lower jaw

Vowels are always voiced

true

Phonological disorder

understanding language rules

Articulation disorder

difficulty producing speech sounds

Name the 3 degrees used to describe the severity of an articulation disorder:

mild, moderate, severe

a word to asses a client's oral motor movement:

buttercup

Initial consonant deletion in the word /table/

/able/

Final consonant deletion in the word /shirt/

/shir/

Educational need for therapy services vs. the medical need for speech:

Educational need helps to improve a student's ability in the classroom.

Medical need is more severe , medical etiology

Name 3 primary causes of voice disorders:

abuse/misuse

medical

psychogenic

The complete loss of voice is

aphonia

Breathy vs. harsh

Breathy is a whisper. Harsh is excessive muscle use.

Name 3 instruments used to evaluate voice function

visipitch

videostroboscopy

endoscopy

surgical removal of the larynx

laryngectomy

What are the 2 motor pathways?

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

moving your tongue side to side

lateralize

moving your tongue in and out

protrude

Where is the epliglottis located?

top of the larynx

What are the three suprasegmental?

loudness, pitch, duration

Hyperfunction vs hypofunction

hyperfunction is increased muscle use

hypofunction is decreased muscle use

Laryngitis is the inflammation of the larynx

true

What 2 functions are are your looking for with your tongue and lips during an OPE?

laterlize and smile/frown

When one sound is produced or substituted for another, it is referred to as

substitution

When a sound is left out of a word, it is referred to as

omission

When a sound is produced innaccurately, it is referred to as

distortion

what order should you introduce a new target sound?

initial, final, the medial

Name 3 typed of dysfluencies

blocks

repetitions

prolongations

When does acquired stuttering start?

adulthood

Psychogenic stuttering is related to what kind of trauma?

psychological

Neurogenic stuttering is related to what kind of disease?

neurological

Name 3 secondary characteristics of stuttering behaviors:

foot stomping

throwing arms around

eye blinking

What refers to the percentage of individuals who stutter at any given point in time and occurs?

prevelance

What refers to the percentage of people who report having stuttered at some point in their lives?

incidence

Name 3 situations where a stutterer may be fluent in their speech:

singing

talking to babies

talking to animals

a bifid uvula can be inherited

true

3 members of a cleft palate team

SLP

Dentist

Surgeon

When does the roof of the mouth structures begin to form?

6 weeks after congestion

Define cleft

an opening or fissure

Adult apraxia occurs when there is damage to the right frontal lobe

false

Children with CAS do not demonstrate sensory loss, structural abnormalities, or emotional disorders

true

Apraxia

Speech disorder that causes issues with motor planning

Dysarthria

muscle paralysis, incoordination and weakness

Children with apraxia may use more _______________ because of difficulty pronouncing words

gestures

Which is an accurate description of an individual with cerebral palsy?

severe athetoid quadriplegia

before birth

prenatal

time of birth

perinatal

after birth

post natal

2 causes that can result in Cerebral Palsy:

anoxia from umbilical cord being around the neck

falls or car accident

Define AAC

Augmentative Alternative Communication/ helps individuals who can't properly communicate be able to

Computer generated speech

syntheized

human recorded speech

digitized

2 different AAC methods

direct selection

scanning

4 stages of swallowing

anticipatory

oral

pharyngeal

esophageal

What two stages of swallowing are in the scope of practice for SLPs?

oral

pharyngeal

The difficulty or inability to swallow is

dysphagia

Define bolus

A mass of food mixed with saliva

A swallow is facilitated by what fibers in the cortex and brainstem?

sensory and motor

What is an MBS?

Modified barium swallow