Human Evolution

Scientific fact is not the truth

True

Scientific has a certain error range

True

What process does the scientific method follows?

Law, Experiment, Theory, Hypothesis

Hypothesis --> Experiment --> Theory --> Law

The chimpanzee's big toe is longer and more mobile than the human's big toe.

True

Genetic studies suggest that Neanderthals and humans may have interbreed each other.

True

There was life on Earth before 4.0 b.y.a

False

The first life form emerged about 3.8 b.y.a

True

The first plant emerged 500 mya

True

Homo sapiens emerged on Earth how many years before present (BP)?

300,000

Until roughly _____ million years ago, the Indian Plate formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana together with modern Africa and Australia.

140

Approx. ____ million years ago the Indian Plate split from Madagascar.

100

The Indian Plate began moving ____ at about 20 centimeters per year, and it begun colliding with the Eurasian plate ____-____ million years ago.

north, 40-50

What rocks are these? They appeared 3.3 mya in Kenya

The oldest stone age

What industry are these rocks apart of, when, and where?

Oldowan industry (Tanzania)

2.6 and 1.7 million years ago

Africa, Eurasia, Java, China

Chimpanzees used ____ tools to break nuts

stone

What are these stone tools called?

Hint: 1.76-0.13 mya

Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean Stone tool

Aterian tanged tools are categorized into what three categories?

spear, arrow, harpoon

Earliest Homo sapiens fossils was from _____ how many years ago?

Morocco about 300,000 before present

How can we tell which time period different fossils could fall into?

brain size, teeth, and angle of the face

Genetic studies suggested that human and Neanderthals interbred how many years ago?

~60,000

When did Homo sapiens migrate to West Africa?

300,000 years ago

When did Homo sapiens migrate to East Africa?

195,000 years ago

When did Homo sapiens migrate to the Middle East?

90,000 years ago

When did Homo sapiens migrate to Australia?

50,000 years ago

When did Homo sapiens migrate to Europe?

32,000 year ago

When did Homo sapiens migrate to the Americas?

20,000 years ago

Homo sapiens migrated to Europe before they migrated to East Africa.

False

Homo sapiens migrated to Australia after they migrated to East Africa.

True

Put these in order from genus to superfamily.

Hominini, Hominoidea, Homo, Homininae, Hominidae

Homo, Hominini, Homininae, Hominidae, Hominoidea

Evolved opposable digits provided what benefits?

thumbs and forefinger, provided excellent grasp

______ protect the tops of delicate fingers, which have sensitive fleshy pads on the reverse side.

Nails

________________ (3 words) suited to climbing and treetop mobility.

Long slender limbs

________ vision is needed to climb, capture food.

Stereoscopic

Primates and humans also share excellent hearing, social animals, large brains, long life span, and females usually bear one baby

True

What is a special characteristic of the tree shrew primate hand?

sharp claws

What is a special characteristic of the macaque primate hand?

short thumb and nails

What is a special characteristic of the tarsier primate hand?

suction cup-like pads

What is a special characteristic of the human hand?

fingers easily curve and long thumb

Most primates have _______ nails as well as _____ pads on the undersides of fingers and toes.

flat, sensitive

Many primates have both a(n) _________ big toe and thumb

opposable

_______ limbs and ________ opposable digits allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs.

mobile, clawless

What are the 6 major Homo advances?


_______ development

______ size

_____ hunting

________ changes based on dietary shifts

_______ size differences between the sexes


key changes in _________ __________

___________ evolution

mouth, brain, bipedalism, dentition, reduced, family structure, cultural

Cultural Evolution of Homo

tool use is more _____________

use of __________

cave paintings

introduction of __________

agricultural advances

skills learned from teaching and communication

sophisticated, fire, language

Lost of _______ results in a rectangle mouth shape

reduce size in molars

reduced jaw muscle

teeth very _________

vegetarians, mineralized

Our teeth size and jaw muscles are bigger now than our ancestors

False

We have larger brains and smaller faces than our ancestors.

True

What was the size of a chimpanzee's head?

~400cc

What was the size of an Australopithecus Africanus head?

~500cc

What was the size of a Homo habilis' head?

~700cc

What was the size of a Homo erectus' head?

~1000cc

What was the size of a Neanderthals' head?

~1400cc

What was the size of a modern human's head?

~1200-1400cc

The size of a human's head is larger than the head of a Neanderthal.

False

The size of a human's head is smaller than the head of a chimpanzee?

False

Why was there a rapid increase of brain size?

climate flucation

Bipedalism allowed for bigger brain size.

True

Why are human heads smaller than Neanderthals?

Because too big of a head can lead to pain in the neck and back.

Severe temperature changes could lead to what on Earth?

Ice ages

How are antarctic temperature and CO2 related?

colder ocean water dissolves more CO2

ice sheets grow, sea level changes dramatically that exposes land that was underwater, which allows for more vegetation to take up CO2

The spine of a ________ connects with the skull at the _______, holding the head at an angle.

chimpanzee, back

The spine of _________ connected with the skull _____, stabilizing the head when walking upright.

early humans, underneath

_________ spine connects with their skull _______ and near the __________, holding their head firmly upright.

Human, underneath, center

Fill in the blank:

As the environment changed, walking on two legs helped early humans survive by:

making it _________ to pick up fruits and other food from low-lying branches

______ hands for carrying food, tools, or babies


enabling early humans to appear ____ and more ______

helping early humans cover _______, open landscapes quickly and efficiently.

easier, freeing, larger, intimidating, wide

What type of joint helps to withstand the stresses of walking and running?

Long hip joints

What type of join helps support your body's weight on one leg at a time while walking long distances?

strong knee joints

Long hip joints help with weight while walking long distances?

False - strong knee

Why did other humans (hominids) become extinct?

extreme climate change

When did the beginnings of agriculture and the rise of first civilizations occur?

within the first 12,000 year

Cain : _______

Abel : shephard

farmer

Tools and weapons that were made of stone appeared in the Neolithic age.

False - paleolithic age

The discovery of agriculture and tools and weapons made of metal occurred in the Neolithic age.

True

Who....

hunted wild animals

gathered nuts, berries, and other plants

lived out in the open

nomadic lifestyle

hunters and gathers

Who....

domesticated animals for food

plants crops

lived in permanent shelters

stable lifestyle

farmers

What are the differences between hunters and gathers and farmers

H&G lived out in the open while farmers lived in permanent homes

H&G had a nomadic lifestyle while farmers had a stable lifestyle

What types of shelter provided protection from weather, wild animals, was more comfortable, gave the ability to form communities, and offered new ways of cooking?

permanent shelter

Who would be most likely to live in a permanent shelter hunters and gatherers or farmers?

Farmers

Farmers, weavers, tool makers, traders, and builders are examples of ________.

Developing new jobs

Farming allowed for people to ________ near their farms.


This created ___________ and ____________.


Ability to divide _______ and work together

Shared __________

settle down, early towns, villages, work, defense