AP HuG Midterm Review

Map

A two-dimensional, flat representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.

Cartography

The science of making maps.

Scale

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

Projection

A system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.

Mercator Projection

A projection where longitude and latitude are shown at right angles; it preserves shape but distorts size.

Peters Projection

A projection that preserves size of maps but distorts shape.

Robinson Projection

A projection that preserves the size and shape of continents but distorts polar areas.

Goode Projection

An interrupted projection that removes much of the oceans to preserve the size and shape of continents.

Meridians

An arc drawn on a map between North and South poles.

Parallels

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator.

Longitude

The numbering system indicating the location of meridians drawn on a globe, measuring distance east/west of the prime meridian.

Latitude

The numbering system indicating the location of parallels drawn on a globe, measuring distance north/south of the equator.

Prime Meridian

The meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude.

Equator

An imaginary line that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

International Date Line

An arc that mostly follows 180 degrees longitude and marks where the date changes by one day.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

The time zone encompassing the prime meridian.

GPS

Geographic Positioning System that determines precise positions on Earth using satellites.

GIS

Geographic Information System; a computer system that stores and analyzes geographic data.

Remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from satellites.

Place

A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.

Sense of Place

Emotional connections and attachments individuals form with specific locations.

Placelessness

Loss of a place’s unique identity due to popular culture and globalization.

Absolute Location

Defines a point or place on the map using coordinates.

Relative Location

The location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature.

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.

Site

The physical character of a place.

Situation

The location of a place relative to another place.

Formal Region

An area where everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point.

Vernacular Region

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

Mental Map

A representation of Earth's surface based on personal impressions.

Spatial Association

The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world, making something worldwide.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

Clustered Spatial Pattern

When things are commonly grouped together on Earth’s surface.

Dispersed Spatial Pattern

When things are spread out on Earth’s surface.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a feature through bodily movement of people.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of a feature from a key person or place to others.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid spread of a feature throughout a population.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle while specific characteristics are rejected.

Distance decay

The diminished importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Time-space compression

The decrease in time and relative distance between places.

Koppen System

Categorizes climate zones based on local vegetation.

Sustainability

Using Earth’s resources without constraining their use for the future.

Environmental Determinism

Geography's study of how the physical environment causes human activities.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment sets limits on human actions but not absolute constraints.

Probabalism

The idea that the environment sets limits on choices.

Poststructuralist Geography

The study of space produced by ideologies of ruling elites.

Humanistic Geography

The study of individual ideas about place and their meanings.

Behavioral Geography

The study of the psychological basis for individual human actions.

Conservation

Sustainable management of natural resources.

Preservation

Maintenance of resources in their present condition.

Quantitative

Involving numbers and data.

Qualitative data

Involving words and descriptive characteristics.

Accessibility

The ease of reaching certain locations from others.

Connectivity

Relationships among people and objects across space.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by total land area.

Carrying capacity

The number of organisms an ecosystem can sustainably support.

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births in a year per 1,000 people.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.

Demographic transition

Change in a society's population from high birth/death rates to low.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people not in the labor force to those in the labor force.

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Elderly Support Ratio

The number of working-age people divided by the number of elderly.

Epidemiologic transition

Change in causes of death in demographic transition stages.

Industrial Revolution

Improvements in industrial technology transforming manufacturing.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can expect to live.

Maladaptation

An adaptation that becomes less beneficial over time.

Malthus/Boserup Population Theories

Theories on population growth versus food production.

Maternal Mortality Rate

Annual female deaths per 100,000 live births related to pregnancy.

Medical revolution

Diffusion of medical technology from developed to developing countries.

Natural increase rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year from births minus deaths.

Overpopulation

When the population exceeds the environment's capacity to support it.

Pandemic

A disease occurring over a wide geographic area affecting a high proportion.

Physiological density

People per unit area of arable land.

Population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Restrictive population policies

Government policies to reduce natural increase rates.

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Stationary population level

The level where national population ceases to grow.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Zero population growth (ZPG)

When the total fertility rate drops to the point where the natural increase rate is zero.

Activity Space

The space within which daily activity occurs.

Asylum seeker

Someone who migrates in hopes of being recognized as a refugee.

Brain drain/Brain gain

Large-scale emigration and immigration of talented individuals.

Chain migration

Migration to a specific location due to relatives or members of the same nationality moving.

Circulation Migration

Temporary movement of workers between home and host countries.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries.

Diaspora

Dispersion of people from their homeland.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Floodplain

An area subject to flooding over a given time frame.

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled by cultural factors.

Gravity Model

A model explaining the relationship between a service's use and population size.