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Map
A two-dimensional, flat representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
Cartography
The science of making maps.
Scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.
Projection
A system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
Mercator Projection
A projection where longitude and latitude are shown at right angles; it preserves shape but distorts size.
Peters Projection
A projection that preserves size of maps but distorts shape.
Robinson Projection
A projection that preserves the size and shape of continents but distorts polar areas.
Goode Projection
An interrupted projection that removes much of the oceans to preserve the size and shape of continents.
Meridians
An arc drawn on a map between North and South poles.
Parallels
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator.
Longitude
The numbering system indicating the location of meridians drawn on a globe, measuring distance east/west of the prime meridian.
Latitude
The numbering system indicating the location of parallels drawn on a globe, measuring distance north/south of the equator.
Prime Meridian
The meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude.
Equator
An imaginary line that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
International Date Line
An arc that mostly follows 180 degrees longitude and marks where the date changes by one day.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
The time zone encompassing the prime meridian.
GPS
Geographic Positioning System that determines precise positions on Earth using satellites.
GIS
Geographic Information System; a computer system that stores and analyzes geographic data.
Remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from satellites.
Place
A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.
Sense of Place
Emotional connections and attachments individuals form with specific locations.
Placelessness
Loss of a place’s unique identity due to popular culture and globalization.
Absolute Location
Defines a point or place on the map using coordinates.
Relative Location
The location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
Site
The physical character of a place.
Situation
The location of a place relative to another place.
Formal Region
An area where everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.
Functional Region
An area organized around a node or focal point.
Vernacular Region
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Mental Map
A representation of Earth's surface based on personal impressions.
Spatial Association
The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world, making something worldwide.
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area.
Clustered Spatial Pattern
When things are commonly grouped together on Earth’s surface.
Dispersed Spatial Pattern
When things are spread out on Earth’s surface.
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate.
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature through bodily movement of people.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of a feature from a key person or place to others.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid spread of a feature throughout a population.
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle while specific characteristics are rejected.
Distance decay
The diminished importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Time-space compression
The decrease in time and relative distance between places.
Koppen System
Categorizes climate zones based on local vegetation.
Sustainability
Using Earth’s resources without constraining their use for the future.
Environmental Determinism
Geography's study of how the physical environment causes human activities.
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment sets limits on human actions but not absolute constraints.
Probabalism
The idea that the environment sets limits on choices.
Poststructuralist Geography
The study of space produced by ideologies of ruling elites.
Humanistic Geography
The study of individual ideas about place and their meanings.
Behavioral Geography
The study of the psychological basis for individual human actions.
Conservation
Sustainable management of natural resources.
Preservation
Maintenance of resources in their present condition.
Quantitative
Involving numbers and data.
Qualitative data
Involving words and descriptive characteristics.
Accessibility
The ease of reaching certain locations from others.
Connectivity
Relationships among people and objects across space.
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by total land area.
Carrying capacity
The number of organisms an ecosystem can sustainably support.
Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The number of live births in a year per 1,000 people.
Crude death rate (CDR)
The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.
Demographic transition
Change in a society's population from high birth/death rates to low.
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of people not in the labor force to those in the labor force.
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Elderly Support Ratio
The number of working-age people divided by the number of elderly.
Epidemiologic transition
Change in causes of death in demographic transition stages.
Industrial Revolution
Improvements in industrial technology transforming manufacturing.
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can expect to live.
Maladaptation
An adaptation that becomes less beneficial over time.
Malthus/Boserup Population Theories
Theories on population growth versus food production.
Maternal Mortality Rate
Annual female deaths per 100,000 live births related to pregnancy.
Medical revolution
Diffusion of medical technology from developed to developing countries.
Natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year from births minus deaths.
Overpopulation
When the population exceeds the environment's capacity to support it.
Pandemic
A disease occurring over a wide geographic area affecting a high proportion.
Physiological density
People per unit area of arable land.
Population pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of a population by age and sex.
Restrictive population policies
Government policies to reduce natural increase rates.
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in a population.
Stationary population level
The level where national population ceases to grow.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Zero population growth (ZPG)
When the total fertility rate drops to the point where the natural increase rate is zero.
Activity Space
The space within which daily activity occurs.
Asylum seeker
Someone who migrates in hopes of being recognized as a refugee.
Brain drain/Brain gain
Large-scale emigration and immigration of talented individuals.
Chain migration
Migration to a specific location due to relatives or members of the same nationality moving.
Circulation Migration
Temporary movement of workers between home and host countries.
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries.
Diaspora
Dispersion of people from their homeland.
Emigration
Migration from a location.
Floodplain
An area subject to flooding over a given time frame.
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled by cultural factors.
Gravity Model
A model explaining the relationship between a service's use and population size.
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