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any remains or trace of a formerly living thing preserved by natural processes
fossil
fossils can be both?
plants and animals
what percentage of fossils are marine organisms?
95%
a plant or animals that live in the sea (or did live in the sea)
marine organisms
organism decayed, then void filled with minerals
cast
minerals encased the organism, then it decayed
mold
tracks, burrows, eggs, etc.
trace fossils
found in sediments and sedimentary rock
original materials
rocks that are mineral replicas of the organisms
petrified fossils
usually less than a millimeter in size
microfossils
compression fossils, squashed the organisms flat
carbon prints
how did fossils form?
death and decay
what do dead things typically do?
decay
where are fossils mostly found?
in sedimentary rock
where are fossils never found?
in igneous rock
fossil traps
amber, ice, asphalt traps
the area of science that studies and classifies fossils
palaeontology
based on the system developed by Linnaeus in 1735
classifying fossils
fossils are often classified by the _____ they have to living organisms
similarity
this person came up with natural selection and evolution
Charles Darwin
How are some fossils found?
out of order
what are traditional fossils often called?
missing links
what does the fossil record show?
the sudden appearance of species and then remarkably few changes
what is the fossil record a powerful evidence against?
evolution
five major extinction events in past 500 million years
evolutionary interpretation
a legitimate activity of science to understand God's world
paleontology
what are old-earth paleontologists imprisoned by?
their worldview
what can young-earth palaeontologists offer?
several theories
what has been used as fuels for many years?
coal, petroleum, and natural gas
where do fossil fuels come from?
fossilized organisms
organic sedimentary rock
coal
about 30% carbon content, more moisture
lignite
produces lots of soot, used in electrical power plants
lignite
about 70% carbon, soft coal, used in steel industry coking coal
bituminous
more than 90% carbon, hard coal, burns very hot, but relatively clean
anthracite
contains many different hydrocarbon molecules
petroleum
usually found with crude oil, mostly methane
natural gas
on land, shallow coastal seabeds, deepwater drilling
oil derricks
what do old-earth geologists believe about plants?
they believe plants become peat
what does peat become?
lignite, then eventually becomes bituminous and anthracite
what are some petroleum in?
deep igneous rock
what are petroleum not in?
sedimentary rock
what are the three main processes?
weathering, erosion, and deposition
breaks rocks into smaller pieces
weathering
picks up and moves particles of rocks
erosion
places the particles somewhere else as sediments
deposition
what are the two types of weathering?
chemical and mechanical
breaks down rocks through chemical changes, takes a long time, sometimes changed minerals into other minerals
chemical weathering
what are the several things that affect chemical weathering?
the mineral itself
climate
topography and vegetation
amount of rock surface
breaks down rocks through mechanical forces, does not change the composition of rocks, frost wedging
mechanical weathering
agents of erosion include
gravity, water, wind, glaciers
slow downhill motion or soil
creep
sudden, but only a short distance downward
slump
rapid, long distance
landslide
what are some examples of a landslide
rockslides, mudflows, avalanches
the more that there is, the more sediment that can be carried
turbulence
what is lost to erosion every year?
soil
what happens when streams eventually slows down?
turbulence lessens
large masses of dense ice that flow under the influence of gravity
glaciers
all deposits of sediments
glacial drift
drops directly from ice, well mixed
till
ridges of till, terminal moraine, lateral moraine
moraine
a scientist who studies soils, soil formation, and erosion
pedologist
a layered formation at the surface of inorganic earth materials
soil
what can go through soil?
water and air
TRUE OR FALSE: Soil was the same as it is when it was at Creation
false
what is the rate of soil formation?
It can be very quick or very slow
what does the rate of soil formation depend on?
many factors
what are the many factors of the rate of soil formation?
steep, exposed rock slopes, soil has not formed at all
horizontal strata of soil
horizons
rests on top of bed rock, composed of broken and weathered pieces of bedrock
C-Horizons
subsoil, composed of thoroughly weathered materials from the C-Horizons, also composed of minerals that filtered down from above
B-Horizons
topsoil
A-Horizons
decayed organic matter
humus
What is A-Horizons composed of?
air and rainwater
What does climate affect?
soil composition
what affects a region's soil?
living things
is having more plants and animals so that there is more decaying good or bad for the soil?
good
what activities affect soils?
human activities
what type of human activities do people do to affect the soil?
removal of vegetation
