BIOLOGY FINAL

Which group of organisms is responsible for oxygenating the planet?

Cyanobacteria

Candidate Phylum Radiation can be found in: Your mouth, Hot springs, Ground water

All of the options

The information storage  molecule of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is:

RNA

True or False: All Archaea are extremophiles.

False

True or False: Most bacteria are human pathogens

False

Choose the words that best complete this statement:

About 1.8 billion years ago, an endosymbiotic event between ___________ and ____________ led to ________________.

Alphaproteobacteria; Archaea; Eukaryotes

A shared, derived trait is called a:

Synapomorphy

The Earth is hypothesized to have been a lot colder than today about 650 million years ago. This period is referred to as:

Snowball Earth

The Burgess Shales are important because they:

Contain diverse fossils of many multicellular organisms during the Cambrian Explosion

Which group of of organisms was primarily responsible for the oxygenation of our planet?

Cyanobacteria

Which of the following statements about viruses is correct?

Viruses greatly outnumber cellular organisms

A complete infectious viral particle is called a:

Virion

True or false: Viruses evolved multiple times during the history of life on Earth.

True

Choose the words that best complete this statement:

About 1.8 billion years ago, an endosymbiotic event between ___________ and ____________ led to ________________.

Alphaproteobacteria; Archaea; Eukaryotes

The term used for the independent evolution of similar traits is: 

Convergent evolution

Which of the statements about prokaryotes are correct? 
They typically exhibit greater compartmentalization than eukaryotes

Their cells are much larger than eukaryotic cells

They include Bacteria and Archaea

All of the options

None of the options

They include Bacteria and Archaea

The process of making a messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA is called:

Transcription

The process of making protein from MRNA is called

translation

the central dogma of biology is:

DNA makes RNA makes Protein

True or false: Viruses evolved multiple times during the history of life on Earth.

True

It is difficult to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of viruses because of their

Rapid Evolutionary Rates

Some biologists think that viruses should not be classified as living organisms because they

depend on cellular organisms in order to replicate

How were Bacteria and Archaea first differentiated from each other?

By differences in their ribosomal RNA sequences

Which of the statements about prokaryotes are correct?

They include Bacteria and Archaea

True or false: All archaea are extremophiles.

False

Several lineages of bacteria and archaea live at extremely high temperatures. Such organisms are called: 

Thermophiles

The common ancestor of all of the species displayed in a phylogenetic tree lies at the _____________ of the tree

Root

A group that includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is considered to be

Paraphyletic

A taxon that contains organisms that do not share a common ancestor is referred to as 

polyphyletic

A clade (common ancestor and all of its descendants) is

Monophyletic

You discover a new member of the Archaea that uses hydrogen gas as its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source. This organism is a:

Chemolithoautotroph

Which of the following statements is true?

All autotrophs are phototrophs

Cyanobacteria are the only bacterial phototrophs

Many phototrophic organisms eat organic carbon

All of the options

None of the options

Many phototrophic organisms eat organic carbon

The primary currency of energy used by all organisms to perform cellular work is:

ATP

An organism that uses inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide as its carbon source is called a:

Chemolithoautotroph

The bacterium Desulfotomaculum uses the organic carbon chemical compound benzene (a component of gasoline) as its source of energy and carbon. The organism is a:

Chemoorganoheterotroph

The primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium gave rise to the chloroplasts of which modern-day organisms?

Plants 

Red algae

Glaucophytes

All of the options

None of the options

All of the options

Eukaryotes are more closely related to: Bacteria or Archaea

Archaea

Which prokaryotic trait was lost early during the evolution of the eukaryotic cell? Cytoskeletal proteins

Internal membranes

The cell wall

All of the options

None of the options

The cell wall

Which of the following events were important during the origin of the modern eukaryotic cell?

The origin of a nuclear envelope

The endosymbiotic acquisition of the mitochondrion

 The innovation of digestive vacuoles

All of the options

None of the options

All of the options

True or False: Prokaryotes have a simple cytoskeleton, but the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is much more complex.

True

Several lineages of bacteria and archaea live at extremely high temperatures. Such organisms are called: 

Thermophiles

Several Firmicute bacteria, including the bacteria that cause anthrax and botulism, are capable of producing a heat and chemical resistant resting structure called a:

Endospore

Which of the following is evidence for the Endosymbiont Theory?

Asgard Archaea

Archaea are:

Paraphyletic

How were Bacteria and Archaea first differentiated from each other?

By differences in their ribosomal RNA sequences

Which of the statements about prokaryotes are correct?

They typically exhibit greater compartmentalization than eukaryotes

Their cells are usually much larger than eukaryotic cells

They include Bacteria and Archaea

All of the options 

None of the options

They include Bacteria and Archaea

Several important adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants to allow the successful colonization of land. Which change is not one of those?
Evolution of water impermeable cuticle

Evolution of carbohydrate-storage molecule

Evolution of gametangia

Evolution of a mechanism for structural support

A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake

Evolution of carbohydrate-storage molecule

Although Earth is estimated to be 4–5 billion years old, and although life first appeared a little less than 4 billion years ago, land plants did not appear until about _______ years ago.

400-500 million

If you find a green, leafy, nonvascular plant with stomata growing on your neighbor’s damp front lawn, you can assume that it is a

Moss

Nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants, most likely because they lack

an efficient system for conducting water and minerals

All land plants produce ____________ by mitosis and _______________ by meiosis.

gametes, spores

If you find a green, leafy, nonvascular plant with stomata growing on your neighbor’s damp front lawn, you can assume that it is a

Moss

Throughout the evolution of the land plants, the sporophyta generation has become __________________ and more independent of the gametophyta, and the gametophyta generation has become _____________ and more dependent on the sporophyta.

Larger, Smaller

Nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants, most likely because they lack

an efficient system for conducting water and minerals

Mosses are dependent on water for reproduction because

sperm must swim through water to reach and fertilize eggs

The Setaphyta hypothesis is a recent, well-supported hypothesis that liverworts and mosses are a clade. What does this hypothesis imply about stomata?

Stomata were most likely lost in the common ancestor of modern liverworts.

One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that gymnosperms 

do not form flowers.

One reason for the enormous evolutionary success of seed plants is their possession of

seeds with food reserves for the young sporophyte. 

seeds with a resting stage that can remain viable for many years, germinating with conditions are favorable for growth of the sporophyte

Which group contains the palm-like plants of the tropics and was the earliest-diverging clade of gymnosperms?

Cycads

Which group is characterized by fruits, flowers, endosperms, and highly reduced gametophytes?

Angiosperms

The _________________ are the earliest branching modern land plant lineage.

Liverworts

The red algal polysaccharide agar (and its main component, agarose) is used as a gelling agent in:

Certain processed foods

toothpaste

microbial plates

Mosses are dependent on water for reproduction because

sperm must swim through water to reach and fertilize eggs

Coniferous gymnosperms such as pines depend primarily on _______ for pollination; thus, the plants produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring.

Wind

You discover a plant whose flowers smell like rotting meat. You suspect it is pollinated by:

Carrion beatles

Which group contains the palm-like plants of the tropics and was the earliest-diverging clade of gymnosperms?

Cycads

Fungi play a a key role in:

Decomposition of dead organisms

The worldwide decline of amphibian species

 Mutualistic association with plants

Fungi are:

opisthokonts

Synapomorphies of the fungi include:

Absorptive heterotrophy

The tubular filaments used by fungi to absorb nutrients are called:

Hyphae

The oldest diploblastic animals are:

Ctenophores

The body of a multicellular fungus is called a:

Mycelium

Which group of modern animals branches earliest in the traditional "textbook" phylogeny of animals?

Sponges

Which group of modern animals is currently thought to branch earliest in the phylogeny of animals, based on DNA sequence evidence?

Ctenophores

Which of the following statements about fungi are correct?

They have cellulose cell walls.

All membranes produce a posterior flagellum at some stage in their life history

They obtain nutrients by absorptive hetereophy

They obtain nutrients by absorptive hetereophy

One adaptation that fungi have for absorptive nutrition is

A large surface area-to-volume ratio

A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to 

Breakdown complex carbon compounds

The rigid exoskeleton of some ecdysozoans has protective and supportive advantages, but it poses which problem?

The exoskeleton cannot grow as the animal's body grows

A defining synapomorphy for the protostomes is:

The blastopore develops into the mouth

The diversification of insects about 450 million years ago corresponded with 

The appearance of the first land plants

Which organisms are members of the lophotrochozoan lineage?

Mollusks

If you were given a box containing a scorpion, a centipede, and a crab, what name should be printed on the outside of the box?

Arthropods

In the history of animals, which characteristic arose after the evolution of the cnidarians?

Three distinct body layers

___________ can survive for years in a dormant, dehydrated state.

tardigrades

The most diverse (specious) group of insects consists of the

Beetles

A defining synapomorphy for the protostomes is:

The blastopore develops into the mouth

The Chordates

Pass through a developmental stage with pharyngeal slits

Which group has a water vascular system?

Echinoderms

A major change in the evolutionary lineage leading to the chordates was the

development of a dorsal hollow nerve chord

The calcification of an internal skeleton is characteristic of the

Echinoderms

A major change in the evolutionary lineage leading to the chordates was the

development of a dorsal hollow nerve cord

Most animals with triploblastic embryos are:

Bilaterally symmetrical

Which group has a water vascular system?

Echinoderms

The horny scales that cover the skin of reptiles prevent them from

Using their skin as an organ of gas exchange

Which statement about the amphibians is true?

Their eggs are very sensitive to drying

A difference between amphibians and reptiles is that

amphibians have thin skin, whereas reptiles have thick skin.

The amniote egg was an important innovation because

It freed animals from having to reproduce in water

Which statement about birds is true?

they descended most recently from an amphibian ancestor. 

They are included in the mammals

They include some modern reptiles

They include all modern reptiles 

They are in the monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs and crocodiles.

They are in the monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs and crocodiles.

Which group of organisms corresponds with the evolutionary innovation of the amniote egg?

Reptiles

Most amphibians return to water to lay their eggs because

amphibian eggs quickly lose water and desiccate if their surroundings are dry