Studied by 3 people
development
a process of change and growth which improves the quality of life for people- it’s not just about having things/ money
economic development
progress in economic growth e.g. wealth, industrialisation, tech
economic development indicators
GNI per capita
HDI
% in primary jobs
social development
improvement in people’s standard of living e.g. better health care, access to clean water
social development indicators
life expectancy
infant mortality rate
gender equality
literacy rates
HDI
% in primary jobs
environmental development
advances in management and protection of environment e.g. reducing pollution, increasing recycling
environmental development indicators
deforestation rates
environmental protection laws
GDP
gross domestic product- measure of wealth
total value of goods + services a country produces in a year- often in US$
GDP per capita
GDP divided by population of country- measure of wealth
often in US$, sometimes called GDP per head
GNI
gross national income- measure of wealth
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas- often in US$
GNI per capita
GNI divided by population of country- measure of wealth
often in US$, sometimes called GNI per head
pros vs cons of GNI per capita
easy to classify
shows something about economic level of development within the country
adjusted to take into account value of currency in country
only measures 1 indicator
only measures economic development
gives false impression of wealth as countries have vastly different populations
hides inequalities in wealth within nations
birth rate
number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year- measure of women’s rights
death rate
number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year- measure of health
life expectancy
average age a person can expect to live up to- measure of health
infant mortality rate
the number of babies who die under 1 year old per 1000 babies born- measure of health
literacy rate
% of adults who can read and write- measure of education
HDI
human development index
number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head
between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
HDI as a measure- positive or negative?
includes 3 measures, not just 1
includes economic + social indicators
updated annually
some data choices questionable
does indicate clear global patterns
happy index
calculated by dividing a country’s life expectancy, well-being and level of inequality by its environmental imapct
graded green (good), amber (medium), or red (bad)
The Brandt Line
the rich north, the poor south
doesn't look at individual countries e.g. South Africa is rich, Russia is poor
not looking at any inequalities in countries/ not looking at individual wealth
BRICS
Britain, Russia, India, China, South Africa
by 2050 they’d have the biggest economies
MINTS
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, (S)
in 2014, these were identified as being the next large economies
purchasing power parity
used worldwide to compare income levels in different countries
expenditure on a similar commodity must be same in both currencies when accounted for exchange rate
low income developing countries (LIDCs)
poorest countries
GNI per capita is low
most citizens have low standard of living
economy based on primary industry
don't export many goods
don't have much money to spend on development so level of development stays low
e.g.
emerging and developing countries (EDCs)
getting richer
economy moving from being based on primary industry to secondary industry
exports of manufactured goods generally high
exports + increasing wage means more money to spend on development
health far, education, transport improving
standard of living improving
e.g.
advanced countries (ACs)
wealthiest countries
GNI per capita high
most citizens have high standard of living
economy based on tertiary and quaternary industry
lots of money to spend on improving education, transport and healthcare
people well- educated
high life expectancy
e.g.
factors leading to uneven development
debt
trade
energy
weather and climate
human
technology
health and education
colonialism
corruption
landlocked countries
debt
happens when a country borrows money to pay for goods and services, smaller GNI means the worse debt is for LIDCs
not enough money to pay for health and education
trade
LIDCs depend on selling cash crops
price fluctuates
if demand goes down LIDC has less money
AC produces manufactured goods whereas LIDC provide raw materials
energy
840 million people live without access to electricity
weather and climate
climate change can affect development
melting glaciers- flooding
temps increase- more bacterias and insects so more disease
extremes of weathers like tycoons or storms
crop yields fall due to drought/ lack of moisture or rain
war
poorest countries have all experienced civil wars meaning problems with safety, comfort and security
money spent on weapons instead of education and healthcare
technology
mobiles and access to internet helped countries develop and spreads ideas, transport helped goods to be moved around world quickly
health and education
countries with well-educated, skilled, health workforce develop
people in LIDCs clever but can’t get a good education as there aren’t enough teachers
people catch diseases e.g. malaria and are too ill to work
energy spent on finding food, water, firewood
colonialism
many European countries took over countries as colonies, exploiting and trading their resources leaving them poor
corruption
many countries don’t have a stable government, lots of conflict and corruption, leaders take bribes and steal money that should be spent on poor
landlocked countries
trade difficult as they have to go through another country to get to sea
what is trade?
buying and selling goods/ services between countries
visible trade
the buying and selling of goods which can be counted, weighed and given a value
invisible trade
buying and selling of services
trade surplus
country exports more than it imports
trade deficit
country imports more than it exports
what info do population pyramids (age-sex pyramids) give?
number of males/females
total pop- increasing/decreasing
life expectancy
death rate
birth rate
infant mortality
5 year intervals in age
3 different shaped pop pyramids
AC- rectangular
EDC- hill
LIDC- triangle
primary jobs
getting raw material from land or sea
secondary jobs
making things (manufacturing)
tertiary jobs
providing a service
quaternary jobs
scientific reasearch/ IT- highly skilled
Rostow model
measures countries levels of development
traditional society (tribal groups e.g. Amazon rainforest)
pre-conditions to take off (Sub- Saharan countries e.g. Mali/ Niger)
take-off (Zambia)
drive to maturity (China)
high mass consumption (most European countries e.g. UK)
trans national company (TNC)
global company
HQ in AC
factories in EDCs and LIDCs
shops all over world
benefits of TNCs
provide jobs+ income for workers
company + workers pay tax- producing income for gov
investment helps country to exploit natural resources
improve local infrastructure and transport
produce goods more efficiently and cheaper, reducing cost to customer
attract other companies to come work in the same location
help gov to become more stable
problems of TNCs
put own profit before interests of workers/ consumers
large companies try avoid paying tax
some pollute + damage environment
dominate and make it harder for local small companies to compete
some exploit workers
can make rich/ poor areas in countries, splitting and dividing communities
new tech + employment- cultures lost and forgotten
top down development scheme
bigger, expensive projects
run by government/ private companies
decisions made by national gov
local people don’t get involved
bottom up development scheme
smaller, cheaper projects
usually run by NGOs
aims to improve the local communities
Note 
Flashcard (24)