geography paper 2: topic 6- dynamic development

development

a process of change and growth which improves the quality of life for people- it’s not just about having things/ money

economic development

progress in economic growth e.g. wealth, industrialisation, tech

economic development indicators

• GNI per capita

• HDI

• % in primary jobs

social development

improvement in people’s standard of living e.g. better health care, access to clean water

social development indicators

• life expectancy

• infant mortality rate

• gender equality

• literacy rates

• HDI

• % in primary jobs

environmental development

advances in management and protection of environment e.g. reducing pollution, increasing recycling

environmental development indicators

• deforestation rates

• environmental protection laws

GDP

gross domestic product- measure of wealth

total value of goods + services a country produces in a year- often in US$

GDP per capita

GDP divided by population of country- measure of wealth

often in US$, sometimes called GDP per head

GNI

gross national income- measure of wealth

total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas- often in US$

GNI per capita

GNI divided by population of country- measure of wealth

often in US$, sometimes called GNI per head

pros vs cons of GNI per capita

• easy to classify

• shows something about economic level of development within the country

• adjusted to take into account value of currency in country

• only measures 1 indicator

• only measures economic development

• gives false impression of wealth as countries have vastly different populations

• hides inequalities in wealth within nations

birth rate

number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year- measure of women’s rights

death rate

number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year- measure of health

life expectancy

average age a person can expect to live up to- measure of health

infant mortality rate

the number of babies who die under 1 year old per 1000 babies born- measure of health

literacy rate

% of adults who can read and write- measure of education

HDI

human development index

number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head

between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

HDI as a measure- positive or negative?

• includes 3 measures, not just 1

• includes economic + social indicators

• updated annually

• some data choices questionable

• does indicate clear global patterns

happy index

calculated by dividing a country’s life expectancy, well-being and level of inequality by its environmental imapct

graded green (good), amber (medium), or red (bad)

The Brandt Line

the rich north, the poor south

doesn't look at individual countries e.g. South Africa is rich, Russia is poor

not looking at any inequalities in countries/ not looking at individual wealth

BRICS

Britain, Russia, India, China, South Africa

by 2050 they’d have the biggest economies

MINTS

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, (S)

in 2014, these were identified as being the next large economies

purchasing power parity

used worldwide to compare income levels in different countries

expenditure on a similar commodity must be same in both currencies when accounted for exchange rate

low income developing countries (LIDCs)

poorest countries

GNI per capita is low

most citizens have low standard of living

economy based on primary industry

don't export many goods

don't have much money to spend on development so level of development stays low

e.g.

emerging and developing countries (EDCs)

getting richer

economy moving from being based on primary industry to secondary industry

exports of manufactured goods generally high

exports + increasing wage means more money to spend on development

health far, education, transport improving

standard of living improving

e.g.

advanced countries (ACs)

wealthiest countries

GNI per capita high

most citizens have high standard of living

economy based on tertiary and quaternary industry

lots of money to spend on improving education, transport and healthcare

people well- educated

high life expectancy

e.g.

factors leading to uneven development

• debt

• trade

• energy

• weather and climate

• human

• technology

• health and education

• colonialism

• corruption

• landlocked countries

debt

happens when a country borrows money to pay for goods and services, smaller GNI means the worse debt is for LIDCs

not enough money to pay for health and education

trade

LIDCs depend on selling cash crops

price fluctuates

if demand goes down LIDC has less money

AC produces manufactured goods whereas LIDC provide raw materials

energy

840 million people live without access to electricity

weather and climate

climate change can affect development

melting glaciers- flooding

temps increase- more bacterias and insects so more disease

extremes of weathers like tycoons or storms

crop yields fall due to drought/ lack of moisture or rain

war

poorest countries have all experienced civil wars meaning problems with safety, comfort and security

money spent on weapons instead of education and healthcare

technology

mobiles and access to internet helped countries develop and spreads ideas, transport helped goods to be moved around world quickly

health and education

• countries with well-educated, skilled, health workforce develop

• people in LIDCs clever but can’t get a good education as there aren’t enough teachers

• people catch diseases e.g. malaria and are too ill to work

• energy spent on finding food, water, firewood

colonialism

many European countries took over countries as colonies, exploiting and trading their resources leaving them poor

corruption

many countries don’t have a stable government, lots of conflict and corruption, leaders take bribes and steal money that should be spent on poor

landlocked countries

trade difficult as they have to go through another country to get to sea

what is trade?

buying and selling goods/ services between countries

visible trade

the buying and selling of goods which can be counted, weighed and given a value

invisible trade

buying and selling of services

trade surplus

country exports more than it imports

trade deficit

country imports more than it exports

what info do population pyramids (age-sex pyramids) give?

• number of males/females

• total pop- increasing/decreasing

• life expectancy

• death rate

• birth rate

• infant mortality

• 5 year intervals in age

3 different shaped pop pyramids

AC- rectangular

EDC- hill

LIDC- triangle

primary jobs

getting raw material from land or sea

secondary jobs

making things (manufacturing)

tertiary jobs

providing a service

quaternary jobs

scientific reasearch/ IT- highly skilled

Rostow model

measures countries levels of development

1. traditional society (tribal groups e.g. Amazon rainforest)

2. pre-conditions to take off (Sub- Saharan countries e.g. Mali/ Niger)

3. take-off (Zambia)

4. drive to maturity (China)

5. high mass consumption (most European countries e.g. UK)

trans national company (TNC)

• global company

• HQ in AC

• factories in EDCs and LIDCs

• shops all over world

benefits of TNCs

• provide jobs+ income for workers

• company + workers pay tax- producing income for gov

• investment helps country to exploit natural resources

• improve local infrastructure and transport

• produce goods more efficiently and cheaper, reducing cost to customer

• attract other companies to come work in the same location

• help gov to become more stable

problems of TNCs

• put own profit before interests of workers/ consumers

• large companies try avoid paying tax

• some pollute + damage environment

• dominate and make it harder for local small companies to compete

• some exploit workers

• can make rich/ poor areas in countries, splitting and dividing communities

• new tech + employment- cultures lost and forgotten

top down development scheme

• bigger, expensive projects

• run by government/ private companies

• decisions made by national gov

• local people don’t get involved

bottom up development scheme

• smaller, cheaper projects

• usually run by NGOs

• aims to improve the local communities