Pathophysiology Exam 1 part 1: cell structure, injury, and neoplasia

pathology-

study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids

physiology-

study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms

Pathophysiology-

study of abnormalities of physiologic functioning of living beings

Etiology-

cause or reason for phenomena; identification of casual factors that acting together provoke a disease or injury

Pathogenesis-

development of disease in cells, tissues, and organs; development of a disease from initial stimulus to clinical manifestations; dynamic interplay of changes in cell, tissue, organ , and systemic function

clinical manifestations-

signs of the disease

diagnosis-

how do you know what is wrong?

treatment implications-

what will you do about it?; evidence based

Etiologic classification-

congenital, degenerative, iatrogenic, idiopathic, immunologic, infectious, inherited, metabolic, neoplastic, nutritional deficiency, physical agent, phychogenic

congenital-

born with it

degenerative-

gets worse over time

iatrogenic-

cause is a result from unintended or unwanted medical treatment get it from being in the hospital

idopathic-

cause is unknown

immunologic-

immune system

infectious-

likely to be spread through people or organisms through the environment

inherited-

derive genetically from one's parent

metabolic-

body processes

neoplastic-

cancer

Nutritional deficiency-

when the body doesn't absorb or get the necessary amount of nutrient from food

Physical agent-

are sources of energy that may cause injury or disease

Phychogenic-

because of a physiological issue

risk factor-

probability of development of disease when factor is present

symptom-

subjective(reported by the patient)

sign-

objective(clinical examination, labs, X-rays)

Stages and clinical course-

latent or incubation period, prodromal period, manifest illness or acute phase, subclinical stage, acute or chronic, exerbations and remissions, convalescence, sequela

Latent-

the initial stimulus until the very beginning of the signs and symptoms

incubation-

more bacterial

Acute phase-

pinnacle phase of signs and symptoms

subclinical stage-

things happening in your body that you don't know about

acute-

might last minutes, hours, days

Chronic-

might last years or forever

exacerbations-

symptoms at their highest peak

remission-

don't have any symptoms anymore

convalescence

period of recovery, getting well

Sequela-

because of whatever condition you have you now have a knew pathological condition

factors affecting disease patterns-

age, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle considerations, geographic location

Levels of Prevention-

Primary (prevention of disease), secondary (early detection), tertiary (treatment)

Primary prevention-

keeps up from having a condition (-improved nutrition, housing, and sanitation

-immunizations

-education

-safety precautions)

Secondary prevention-

early detection

(-physical examinations and routine screening

-self breast exams)

Tertiary

medical treatments

(-once a disease is established, medical, and surgical treatment

-rehabilitation)

Homeostasis-

set point, balance, equilibrium

Allostasis-

Overall process of adaptive change necessary to achieve homeostasis

The hypothalamus does what?

stimulates the nerves

plasma membrane-

transports nutrients and waste

lipid bilayer

only lipid-soluble molecules can cross freely

membrane proteins-

transport charged ions in and out of cells

cytoskeleton-

maintains cell shape

organelle-

internal cell compartment

Nucleus-

largest organelle, stores DNA, controls cell activity

Endoplasmic reticulum-

synthesis of proteins and lipids

Golgi apparatus-

sends sugars, proteins and lipids to correct place

Enzymes-

breaks down substances (ase)

Ribosomes-

synthesis of proteins

Lysosomes-

digestive enzymes for cell

Mitochondria-

powerhouse of the cell coverts energy to a form that can be used by the cell (ATP)

ATP-

cellular energy, synthesized by breakdown of fat and glycogen

2 phases of cellular metabolism-

anabolism and catabolism

anabolism-

energy-using

catabolism-

energy-releasing

Glycolysis-

breakdown of sugar molecules

Kreb cycle-

1. glycolysis happens in the mitochondria

2. pyrivate causes formation on CO2

3. ATP is produced

4. hydrogen atoms are pumped from mitochondria

Endocytosis-

cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules

Two types of endocytosis-

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

pinocytosis-

cellular drinking

phagocytosis-

cellular eating

Exocytosis-

cellular secretion

3 basic types of transport proteins-

ATP driven pumps, carriers, channel proteins

passive transport-

facilitated diffusion

active transport-

protein pumps that move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient

How do cells respond to stressors in the environment?

reversible injury, adaptation injury, irreversible injury

Atrophy-

decrease in cell size

hypertrophy-

increase in cell size

hyperplasia-

increase in cell number

metaplasia -

conversion of one cell type to another

dysplasisa-

disorganized appearance of cells (size, shape, arrangement)

Necrosis-

tissue and cell death

Apoptosis-

cells are regulated by cell birth and death, programmed cell death without necrosis

hypoxia-

lack of O2 in tissue

hypoxmia-

lack of O2 in blood

somatic death-

entire organism death(no respiration or heart beat)

brain death-

absence of brain stem reflexes

Neoplasia-

abnomarl new growth (tumor)

Anaplasia-

lack of differential features in a cancer cell

Metastasis-

movement of cancer cell to distant site, always a sign of malignancy

Benign tumors-

suffix "oma" (ex. lipoma, adenoma) (exceptions: lymphomas, hepatomas, melanomas)

Malignant tumors-

Adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, Leukemia

Adenocarcinoma-

glandular tissue

Carcinoma-

epithelial tissue, 90% of human cancers

Sarcoma-

Mesenchymal tissue (nerve, bone, muscle)

Leukemia-

WBC