Developmental psych final

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55 Terms

1
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Q: What is the age-related hearing condition known as?

A: Presbycusis.

2
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Q: As we age, how does the epidermis and dermis change?

A: The epidermis becomes less firmly attached to the dermis, leading to wrinkles and reduced elasticity.

3
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Q: As we age, where does fat tend to accumulate?

A: Fat tends to accumulate in the torso and decreases in the limbs.

4
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Q: What circumstances tend to lead to earlier menopause in women?

A: Smoking, not having children, and certain medical conditions.

5
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Q: What happens during menopause?

A: Ovaries cease production of hormones like estrogen and progesterone, leading to the end of menstruation and reproductive capability.

6
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Q: What are the benefits and risks of using hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?

  • Benefits: Reduces menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and prevents bone loss.

  • Risks: Increased risk of breast cancer, stroke, and heart disease.

7
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Q: What role does reduced testosterone play in the male’s ability to attain an erection?

A: Reduced testosterone contributes to a decline in sexual function and difficulties in achieving or maintaining an erection.

8
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Q: What are the leading causes of death in middle age?

A: Cancer, cardiovascular disease, and unintentional injuries.

9
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Q: Are men or women more vulnerable to health problems and why?

A: Men, due to higher rates of risky behaviors and biological susceptibility to certain diseases.

10
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Q: What variables contribute to cancer death rates?

A: Genetics, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, diet), and access to healthcare.

11
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What is atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, and osteoporosis?

  • Atherosclerosis: Hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup.

  • Angina pectoris: Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

  • Osteoporosis: A condition causing weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

12
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Q: List and describe key features in the Type A behavior pattern.

A: Competitive, impatient, aggressive, and prone to stress-related illnesses like heart disease.

13
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Q: List and describe the three Cs of hardiness.

  • Control: Belief in one's ability to influence events.

  • Commitment: Dedication to life activities.

  • Challenge: Viewing stress as an opportunity for growth.

14
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What are fluid and crystallized intelligence? When do they decline?

  • Fluid intelligence: Problem-solving and processing speed; declines in midlife.

  • Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge and skills; remains stable or improves with age.

15
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: What type of working memory suffers more? Less?

  • More: Verbal and spatial working memory.

  • Less: Long-term memory for well-practiced skills.

16
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What is expertise?

A: Specialized knowledge or skill in a specific area developed through practice and experience.

17
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Q: What is generativity?

A: A concern for guiding the next generation, often through parenting, work, or community involvement.

18
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Q: What factors contribute to preserving generative commitments?

A: Personal values, cultural expectations, and opportunities for meaningful involvement.

19
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Q: Know the four developmental tasks proposed by Levinson.

  • Young-old: Balancing youthful energy with aging.

  • Destruction-creation: Balancing past mistakes with contributions to others.

  • Masculinity-femininity: Balancing gender traits.

  • Engagement-separateness: Balancing external ambitions with internal reflection.

20
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Q: According to Vaillant, what becomes a major preoccupation for midlifers?

A: Passing down traditions and wisdom to the next generation.

21
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What are the big 5 personality traits, and how do they evolve?

  • Openness: Decreases.

  • Conscientiousness: Increases.

  • Extraversion: Slightly decreases.

  • Agreeableness: Increases.

  • Neuroticism: Decreases.

22
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Q: According to MIDUS participants, what do negative turning points lead to?

A: Personal growth and greater self-understanding.

23
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Q: What are possible selves? How do they evolve throughout adulthood?

  • Definition: Mental representations of what we hope to become or fear becoming.

  • Evolution: Decrease in quantity, but increase in quality with age, becoming more realistic and focused on meaningful goals.

24
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Which gender identity is associated with cognitive flexibility, psychosocial maturity, and other benefits?

Androgyny (combination of masculine and feminine traits).

25
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How does being "off-time" in development affect the parent-child relationship?

It creates stress and challenges as parents may struggle to adjust expectations.

26
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Q: What factors impact the closeness of grandparent-grandchild ties?

A: Proximity, relationship quality, and family culture.

27
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Q: What is the sandwich generation?

A: Adults caring for both their children and aging parents simultaneously.

28
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Q: How does job satisfaction change at midlife?

A: Generally increases due to career stability and greater focus on meaningful work.

29
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Q: What is burnout, and when is it most likely to happen?

  • Definition: Emotional and physical exhaustion from prolonged stress.

  • Likely to Happen: In caregiving professions or when facing high workloads with little support.

30
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Q: What is the glass ceiling?

A: An invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from advancing to top positions.

31
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Q: What does an extreme career shift at midlife typically signal?

A: A search for meaning, personal growth, or dissatisfaction with previous work.

32
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Q: What is functional age? Give examples.

  • Definition: A person's competence and performance in carrying out daily tasks.

  • Examples: A 70-year-old running marathons may have a younger functional age than a sedentary 60-year-old.

33
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Q: What factors have contributed to gains in average life expectancy?

A: Better medical care, improved nutrition, and lower rates of infectious disease.

34
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Q: What are the differences in life span for men, women, and various races?

  • Women: Tend to live longer than men.

  • Race: Socioeconomic and healthcare disparities lead to variations among races.

35
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: How does the sense of smell change with age?

: Declines due to reduced olfactory receptor function.

36
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: With age, how does the heart muscle change?

Becomes less efficient, leading to reduced blood flow.

37
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List and describe guidelines for healthy sleep habits.

  • Maintain a consistent sleep schedule.

  • Avoid caffeine and heavy meals before bed.

  • Create a comfortable sleep environment.

38
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: How does SES affect willingness to pursue medical treatment? Why?

: Lower SES individuals may avoid treatment due to cost, lack of access, or mistrust of healthcare providers.

39
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: What is emphysema? How does it develop?

: A lung condition causing breathlessness due to damaged alveoli, often from smoking or pollutants.

40
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What is the difference between Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, and vascular dementia?

  • Parkinson’s Disease: Movement disorder with tremors and rigidity.

  • Alzheimer’s Disease: Memory loss due to brain plaques and tangles.

  • Vascular Dementia: Cognitive decline due to blood flow issues in the brain.

41
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What is the negative outcome of Erikson's final psychological conflict?

Despair, resulting from regret and an inability to accept one's life.

42
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Define the different types of reminiscence:

  • Self-focused: Dwelling on past regrets, often linked to depression.

  • Other-focused: Sharing memories to strengthen relationships.

  • Knowledge-based: Reflecting to solve problems or teach others.

43
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Do older adults express more positive or negative self-evaluations? Why?

More positive, due to life experience and better emotion regulation.

44
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What are sex and SES differences in religious involvement in late adulthood?

  • Women: More active in religion than men.

  • Lower SES: Higher levels of religious involvement as a source of community and support.

45
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What are the strongest risk factors for late-life depression?

Chronic illness, social isolation, and financial hardship.

46
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Q: Compare and contrast independent living communities, Green House nursing homes, and life care communities.

  • Independent Living: Minimal assistance for active elders.

  • Green House: Small, home-like settings with personalized care.

  • Life Care: Comprehensive housing and care, often expensive.

47
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Identify the various types of elder abuse and give examples.

  • Physical Abuse: Hitting or restraining.

  • Emotional Abuse: Verbal threats or humiliation.

  • Financial Exploitation: Misusing an elder's money.

48
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Q: Give examples of the agonal phase of dying and brain death.

  • Agonal Phase: Labored breathing, heart stops beating.

  • Brain Death: Irreversible loss of brain function.

49
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: Define the following death concepts:

  • Nonfunctionality: Body functions cease.

  • Finality: Death is irreversible.

  • Universality: Death happens to all living things.

50
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: What is disenfranchised grief?

: Grief that is not acknowledged or supported by society, such as loss of an ex-partner.

51
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: Know Kubler-Ross’s responses to death.

: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

52
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Where do most Americans want to die?

At home.

53
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What is the difference between bereavement, grief, and mourning?

  • Bereavement: The experience of losing a loved one.

  • Grief: Emotional response to loss.

  • Mourning: Cultural practices related to grieving.

54
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How can we support caregivers of dementia patients?

Offer respite care, emotional support, and access to counseling services.

55
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What is terminal decline?

A: A significant drop in cognitive functioning shortly before death.