KAAP 484 Exam 2

The Concussion in Sport Group (CISG)

Group responsible for creating concussion prevention and management policies for the world

SCAT6 - Sport Concussion Assessment Tool

important in the clinical examination of Sports-Related concussions

Primary concussion recovery outcomes include

symptom ratings, specific clinical tests or groups of tests and functional domains such as Return-to-Learn (RTL) and Return-to-Sport (RTS)

On average children and adolescents take _______ to recover from concussions than adults!

longer

Key components of the "Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer" program:

Teach proper technique whereby the trunk/neck/head become one and the players keep their eyes open when heading a ball!

Use lightweight soccer balls

Avoid dangerous situations during play

Develop neck and core strength!

List symptoms typically associated with SRC's

Fencing, vomiting, seizing, snoring, crying

What is the biggest risk factor for a concussion?

previous concussion(s)

Important considerations in SRC's in female athletes

Biomechanics of Impact: Frequency, Magnitude, and Threshold for Concussion

Neuropsychological Testing after Concussion and Subconcussive Head Impacts in Female Athletes

Neurometabolic and Neurostructural Alterations after Concussion

Reporting Behavior of Concussion-Like Symptoms

Sports with high risks of concussion

Ice hockey, soccer, basketball, lacrosse, field hockey, volleyball

long-term effects of concussions

Diminished concentration

Anger or aggression

sensitivity to light and sound

Difficulties with sleep

Personality changes

How does Abby Wambach stay involved in promoting female athlete participation in sport today since her soccer career ended in 2015?

She coaches soccer to younger females

She has a podcast with Julie Foudy and Billie Jean King speaking out about gender equality

She continues to advocate awareness and push structural changes in women's sports

What is a topic that Abby believes will be significant for future health care professionals to focus on?

Menstrual cycles and ACL tears and how they are correlated

T or F Abby Wambach helped contribute to the win of the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2015 and retired in the same year.

True

Who does Abby Wambach host the "Welcome to the Party" podcast with?

Julie Foudy and Billie Jean King

Discuss how Abby Wambach's struggles after retiring from sport is like college seniors preparing to graduate.

She explained that graduating college and entering the real world is like how she had to leave the world of soccer that she had grown up with. Both experiences are very challenging and scary, and she explained that facing these head on and giving oneself grace and embracing failure are the keys to navigating a new chapter of life.

What is an example of gendered play in the 'pre-sport environment'?

Expectations of physical abilities, such as the phrase 'throw like a girl'

_____ training is the cornerstone of primary and secondary injury prevention programs.

neuromuscular

What are some examples of good exercises for children developing strength, balance, and coordination?

Scooters, balance bikes, ball games, climbing, running, jumping

Which of the following techniques is crucial for a patient to focus on after ACL reconstruction?

Quadriceps strengthening

For effectively measuring quadriceps strength, _______ is considered the gold standard.

isokinetic dynamometry

In the 1980s when patients received an ACL reconstruction, they were put in a cast causing stiff, weak quads that led to _______.

muscle atrophy

Which of the following best describes "neuromuscular control" in relation to ACL injury?

Coordination and control of muscles during movement

What time period should you start implementing exercise-based knee injury reduction programs and when do female ACL injuries mainly occur?

start young because girls ACL injuries peak in the teens

After COVID, women's soccer faced a rise in what injury?

ACL injuries

True or False You need a lot of equipment for knee injury prevention programs?

False

How long do the effects of a concussion last (excessive coupling, slower motor processing speed, etc.)?

up to 90 days

How many more times are you likely to sustain an injury without impact within 90 days from concussion?

11.3x greater

The female neck experiences more ________ compared to men

Displacement Muscle activation

Athletes are 11.3x more likely to sustain a ________,_________ injury 90 days after being cleared from concussion

Non contact, lower body

What neurological change is seen in individuals who have had a concussion?

Increased accessory firing leading to reduced efficiency

Which muscles are specifically mentioned as important for reducing concussion risk through strengthening?

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

How does neuromuscular decoupling affect the player's performance?

efficiency

During a Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) test, when using a metronome to guide head movements, a normal performance is typically completed at:

120 bpm

List 3 physiological sex differences between men and women.

Average body fat composition

Increased energy cost (O2 consumption) of weight bearing exercise

Smaller heart

Faster heart rate

Lower blood volume

Lower VO2 max

Spell out "RED-S"

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Name the three (3) tips to the "Pathological" Adult Female Athlete Triad (FAT) Model:

Clinical Menstrual Disturbance

Severe energy deficiency with or without disordered eating or clinical eating disorder

Osteoporosis or high risk or recurrent bone stress injury

What is the name of the scan used to determine bone density?

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA Scans)

normal bone density T-score

between +1 and -1

bone density T score for osteopenia

Between -1 and -2.5

bone density T score for osteoporosis

-2.5 or less

Osteopenia

a condition characterized by lower-than-normal mineral density that has not yet reached the severity of osteoporosis. It represents a "warning zone" where bones are weaker than average, increasing the risk of future fractures. It is commonly caused by aging, hormonal changes, and vitamin deficiencies, often treated with lifestyle changes, calcium, and vitamin D.

Osteoporosis

a chronic disease that makes bones thin, porous, and weak, significantly increasing the risk of fractures. Known as a "silent" disease, it causes bone loss faster than it can be replaced, often showing no symptoms until a bone breaks, typically in the hip, spine , or wrist.

T or F Males athletes can also suffer from RED-S or the Triad Syndrome. If true what is different between the sexes?

True

Energy deficiency, impaired reproductive health (low testosterone), and poor bone health

List 3 "performance" areas that can be affected by FAT or RED-S

Increased injury risk

Depression

Irritability

Decreased muscle strength

Decreased training response

Impaired judgement

Decreased coordination

Decreased concentration

Decreased glycogen stores

Decreased endurance performance

What is the female athlete recommended energy need daily

45 kcal/kg FFM/day

List 3 signs of disordered eating

Preoccupation with being thin

Conscious effort to restrict your food intake

Dieting / meal skipping

Anxiety, shame, guilt about eating specific food

Chronic weight fluctuations

Rigid routines around food and exercise

Compulsive eating

Using exercise/fasting/food restriction to punish or "make up for" food consumed

amenorrhea

the absence of menstruation, defined as missing one or more periods, or the failure of the periods to begin

Dysmenorrhea

the medical term for painful menstruation

oligomenorrhea

a menstrual disorder characterized by infrequent or irregular periods, typically occurring more than 35 days apart or fewer than nines times per year

What sport athletes are at greatest risk for FAT or RED-S? (name 5)

Diving, gymnastics, ice skating, dance, wrestling, boxing, rowing, pole vault, high jump

T or F Low levels of estrogen have a serious negative impact on bone health

True

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