Glycolysis Exam #2

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12 Terms

1
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Glycolysis

purpose?

body location?

cell location?

energy production?

purpose: use glucose for energy

biosynthesis/intermediates for different pathways in the body

catabolic reaction (generates energy)

body location: all tissues

cell location: cytosol

energy production: net 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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Glycolysis deficiencies

hemolytic anemia

  • decreased RBC lifespan

  • disrupted shape

  • decreased or no oxygen delivery

  • side effects: fatigue/shortness of breath

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Glycolysis pathway (first step)

glucose → glucose 6 phosphate

this occurs by the phosphorylation of glucose (catalyzed by enzyme hexokinase)

uses one molecule of ATP (turned into ADP) and is irreversible

<p>glucose → <strong>glucose 6 phosphate</strong></p><p>this occurs by the phosphorylation of glucose (catalyzed by enzyme hexokinase)</p><p>uses one molecule of ATP (turned into ADP) and is irreversible</p>
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Glycolysis pathway (second step)

glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) → fructose 6 phosphate (FSP)

<p>glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) → fructose 6 phosphate (FSP)</p>
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Glycolysis pathway (third step)

fructose 6 phosphate → fructose 1,6 phosphate

uses ATP (ATP→ADP), caused by enzyme PFK-1

rate limiting step (irreversible)

<p>fructose 6 phosphate → fructose 1,6 phosphate</p><p>uses ATP (ATP→ADP), caused by enzyme PFK-1</p><p>rate limiting step (irreversible)</p>
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What is PFK-1 activated/inhibited by? (3rd step of glycolysis)

activated: AMP (low energy), F2,6BP, insulin (well fed state), glucagon (starve state)

inhibited: citrate, ATP (high energy)

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Glycolysis (step 4)

fructose 1,6 phosphate → phosoenolpyruvate (PEP) x2

<p>fructose 1,6 phosphate → phosoenolpyruvate (PEP) x2</p>
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Glycolysis (step 5/final step)

phosoenolpyruvate (PEP) x2 → pyruvate x2

uses enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK)

irreversible step

2 ADP→2 ATP

<p>phosoenolpyruvate (PEP) x2 → pyruvate x2</p><p>uses enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK)</p><p>irreversible step</p><p>2 ADP→2 ATP</p>
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What is PK activated/inhibited by? (5th/final step of glycolysis)

activated (phosporylated): PP1, insulin (beta)

inhibited (dephosphorylated): PKA, glucagon (alpha)

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Aerobic metabolism

pyruvate → acetyl CoA → CAC

<p>pyruvate → acetyl CoA → CAC</p>
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Anaerobic metabolism

process?

cells?

Warburg effect?

process: pyruvate → lactate

enzyme LDH is used

NADH → NAD+

cells: eye, RBC, skeletal muscle in extreme exercise

Warburg effect: occurs in cancer cells

pyruvate → lactate even with O2 present

increased production of growth intermediates

increased lactate production → increased acids → acidic environment around tumors

<p>process: pyruvate → lactate</p><p>enzyme LDH is used</p><p>NADH → NAD+</p><p></p><p>cells: eye, RBC, skeletal muscle in extreme exercise</p><p></p><p><strong>Warburg effect</strong>: occurs in cancer cells</p><p>pyruvate → lactate even with O2 present</p><p>increased production of growth intermediates</p><p>increased lactate production → increased acids → acidic environment around tumors</p>
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hexokinase vs glucokinase (involved in 1st step of glycolysis)

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