HESI- A2 A&P

Transverse plane

top and bottom

Median plane

Into right and left side

Sagital Plane

left and right of trunk

coronal plane

front and back only pertaining to torso area

frontal plane

front and back

anatomic position

superior

above

inferior

below

posterior

back, toward the back, behind

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline or toward the sides

proximal

closer to a point of attachment

distal

further away from the point of attachment.

dorsal cavity

cranial and spinal cavities

ventral cavity

orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities

histology

the study of tissues

4 types of tissues

epithelial, cognitive, muscle,and nerve

epithelial tissue

cover, line and protect the body and internal organs

connective tissue

provides the framework support and structure.

nerve tissue

nerves and connective tissue cells called neurolgia

muscle tissue

voluntary(skeletal) and involuntary(smooth and cardiac)muscle

Skin

largest organ of the body. two layers epidermis: outermost protective layer. Dermis: layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and other skin structures.

Skeletal system

bone, cartilage, ligaments and joints. support movement, blood cell formation.

axial skeleton

consists of skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum.

appendicular skeleton

girdles and limbs

muscular system

produce movement. muscle contraction results from the sliding together of actin and myosin filaments

what must be present in the cell for a muscle to contact

calcium and ATP

voluntary muscles

aka: skeletal muscles. muscles that are under copious control.

the functional unit of the nervous system

nerve cells

main parts of a neuron

Body, axon and dendrites

what do dendrites do?

transmit the impulse toward the cell body

what do axons do?

transmit the impulse away from the cell body.

what is the CNS comprised of?

spinal cord and brain

what is the PNS comprised of?

all other neurons in the body

sensory of afferent neurons

transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS

motor or efferent neurons

neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the the effector organs

major parts of the brain

cerebrum(associated with movement and sensory input), cerebellum(responsible for muscular coordination) and the medulla oblongata(controls vital functions)

what does the endocrine system do?

helps the nervous system in homeostasis. Play an important role in growth and sexual maturation.

What does the Hypothalamus govern?

the pituitary gland. Which in turn is controlled by feedback hormones in the blood. Nicknamed the "Master gland"

where are hormones during stress released and what do they do to the body?

From the adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary gland. Cortisol; reduces inflammation, raises blood sugar, and inhibits release of histamine.

What does blood consist of ?

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

RBC's

transport 02 via hemoglobin

WBC's- leukocytes

are responsible for defense from diease and have 5 different kinds that look different.

Platlets

are needed for blood clotting.Also has 10% proteins, ions,nutrients, waste products, and hormones.

external respiration

refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.

internal respiration

refers to the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.

Chyme

a bolus of food that has mixed and churned into a soupy substance.

Which plane would separate the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity?

Transverse

What tissue is Pillar-shaped cells arranged tightly together?

Columnar epithelium

The Epidermis is classified as a

Tissue

What type of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?

Connective

Within which epidermal layer of the skin does mitosis occur?

Stratum germinative

The cells that form compact bone are?

Osteoblasts

What is true about skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle attaches to bone by tendons, Muscle contraction helps keep the body warm, skeletal muscle continuously contract to maintain posture.

what is needed for muscle to contract?

Calcium and ATP

what does the parathyroid hormone regulate?

Calcium

Bile is recreated where?

Small intestine

What is the role of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

Stimulates the development of the endometrium.

What are the glands of the skin that produce thin watery recreation?

eccrine gland

Tissue that that has open spaces partially filed by an assemblage of needle like structures?

Spongy Bone

Mineral responsible for regulating fluid in the body

Sodium

All of the actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over what?

Neurons

Monocytes

become macrophages

Neutrophils

phagocytize Microorganisms

Nephrons

are the functional unit of the kidneys

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abd

the diaphragm

what are chemical messengers that control growth, diffrentiatation and metabolism of specific target cells

Hormones

Most of the C02 in the blood does what?

Is converted into bicarbonate ions by canonic anhydrase in the plasma.

What valve is responsible for preventing back flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium

Tricuspid

which type of cellular connection is characterized by openings in adjacent animal cells for inter cellular exchange to take place

gap junctions

what is the main function of calcitonin?

decreasing calcium concentration in the blood.

Which muscle is responsible for the adduction of the shoulder?

Latissimus dorsi

What type of joint is the elbow

hinge

the lobe of the brain responsible for producing olfactory information

temporal

section of the spine that has 5 vertebrae?

Lumbar