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Geology
The study of Earth, encompassing aspects of chemistry, physics, math, and biology.
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to problem-solving involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and validation or refutation.
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through experiments.
Theory
A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence and has not been disproven.
Law
A statement that describes a consistent relationship or phenomenon, often expressed mathematically.
Uniformitarianism
The principle that current geological processes are the same as those that occurred in the past, allowing us to infer past conditions.
Nebular Theory
The model explaining the formation of the solar system from a rotating cloud of gas and dust (nebula).
Inner Planets
The four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) that are small, dense, and rocky.
Outer Planets
The four Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) that are large, low-density gas and ice giants.
Lithosphere
The rigid outer layer of Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
Asthenosphere
The semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere that allows for tectonic movement.
Crust
The outermost layer of Earth, composed of solid rock, varying in thickness.
Mantle
The layer of Earth between the crust and core, composed of silicate rocks that are denser than the crust.
Core
The innermost layer of Earth, primarily composed of iron and nickel, divided into outer and inner core.
Density
A measure of mass per unit volume, important in understanding the composition and structure of Earth.
Differentiation (Planetary)
The process by which Earth’s layers formed due to varying densities and compositions of materials.
Geocentric
An Earth-centered model of the universe, historically proposed by Claudius Ptolemy.
Heliocentric
A sun-centered model of the solar system, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus and supported by Galileo Galilei.
James Hutton
Known as the "Father of Geology," he formalized the concept of uniformitarianism.
law
Law refers to a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. It serves to maintain order, protect rights and liberties, and provide justice. Laws can be categorized into various types, including
How do we define a planet?
A planet is defined as a celestial body that:
Orbits the Sun (or another star).
Is spherical in shape due to its own gravity.
Has cleared its orbit of other debris.
Note 
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