VM 295 Exam #2

What does AID stand for?

Animal Industry Division

What does AID do?

Protect, regulate, and promote animal health.

What are the core functions of AID?

Reportable diseases

animal traceability

licensing

What is the duty of the state veterinarian?

Protect Michigan residents from food safety concerns and diseases that may be passed from animals to humans

Oversee health, safety, and welfare of domestic animals, livestock, and pets

What is a reportable disease?

A disease that by law must be reported to MDARD AID

What does MDARD stand for?

Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

How are reportable animal diseases regulated and monitored in the U.S.?

Monitor for new/foreign conditions

Protect public health from zoonotic diseases

report any disease that causes significant risk to animal health

enable control if eradication is not possible

encourage preventative measures such as vaccination and biosecurity

assist in safe trade

In Michigan, who is required to report a case of a reportable disease?

The animal owner, diagnosing veterinarian, and testing lab

What is the role of the Veterinary Nurse in veterinary public health?

Review and process all interstate CVI's

Ensure all animals moving into or out of our state are meeting federal and state requirements

Reportable disease data management and program assist

Outreach and education

What accreditation is required in MI for vets to give rabies vaccines to dogs?

USDA

What is a CVI?

Certificate of Veterinary Inspection

- official document needed when animals move or travel to another state/country

What is the purpose of a CVI prior to an animal moving to another state/country?

Ensures animals are healthy prior to movement

Allows for animal traceability during disease outbreaks

Who regulates state-to-state movements?

AID

Who regulates national and international movements?

National: USDA APHIS (united states department of agriculture, animal and plant health inspection service)

International: OIE (world organization for animal health

A CVI must be issued within how many days of the inspection date?

within 10 days

A CVI must be sent to AID within how many days of the issue date?

within 7 days

A CVI is valid for how many days from the inspection date?

30 days

How are CVI forms distributed?

One copy stays with the animal in transit

One copy is kept by the issuing vet for 5 years

One copy is sent to AID within 7 days of the issue date

What are typical destination state import requirements?

CVI prior to entry

Official ID

Disease testing

Vaccinations

Parasite treatments

Who should contact the destination state for import requirements?

The vet/vet tech and the owner

What is a Michigan Pet Health Certificate?

Michigan pet shops must provide this to customers purchasing a dog, cat, or ferret

Michigan large scale breeding kennels must provide this to all customers purchasing a dog

valid for 30 days from exam

What is the goal of APHIS?

Protection of agriculture and animal health

- they encourage everyone to report unusual animal health symptoms

What do travelers to foreign countries have to report?

Visits to farms, ranches, or other areas where livestock are kept to avoid introducing any new diseases

What are acceptable means of animal identification?

We should have the signalment of all animals including their age, breed, and sex

What are acceptable means of identification for cats and dogs?

microchip

tattoo

collar number

What are acceptable means of identification for cattle?

official ear tag

registration tattoo

registration brand

registration number; USDA back tag

What are acceptable means of identification for poultry?

leg band

wing tattoo

What are acceptable means of identification for sheep/goats?

official ear tag

tattoo

RFID tags

microchip

What are acceptable means of identification for swine?

USDA ear tag

ear notching

tattoo on ear or inner flank

USDA back tag

What are acceptable means of identification for equine?

Color

markings

brands

tattoo

RFID tag

Why is animal identification important?

1. To control and eradicate animal diseases as we can trace movement of the animals

2. Relies on proper identification of animals and herd

3. Accredited Veterinarians are legally responsible for proper identification and recording on official documents

What is AIN?

Animal Identification Numbers

What does a national uniform ear tagging system include?

2 character state or tribe code

2-3 alpha letters

4 digits

What does a premise identification number tell you?

What herd the animal came from

What is RFID?

Radio frequency identification device

- implantable ear tags

What ear are RFID attached to?

The left ear

What is the animal disease traceability program and what is it used for?

A program that states are responsible for developing that follows USDA requirements

- used to confirm positive test of a foreign animal disease

- in cases of animal disease emergencies

- conduct traceback (where the disease originated from)/traceforward (where animals have been) to determine origin of infection

- required for interstate movement of cattle

What is the USDA's goals for animal disease traceability?

Encourage the use of electronic identification for animals that move interstate

enhance electronic sharing of basic animal disease traceability data

Enhance ability to track animals from birth to slaughter

increase the use of electronic health certificates bc it's easier to share b/w states

What is intrastate movement?

A change in place within the boundaries of the state

What is interstate movement?

A change in place between two or more states

What are interstate regulations?

Wh

Quarantine, restriction of movement, maintenance of sanitation and identification of animals to prevent spread of disease

Movement of diseased animals in prohibited

- exception is if the disease is currently occurring in the U.S

Certification by an accredited veterinarian

What are Michigan requirements for imports?

Animals must originate from a herd (flock) free of disease and not under any quarantine

CVI

Intrastate movement restrictions

- ex. TB split state status

no diversion of animals

What are U.S import requirements?

Prevent the introduction of communicable diseases into the US

- APHIS approves international movement

- CDC

- USDA, FWS, US customs and border protection enforce these regulations

What are U.S international export requirements?

Contact APHIS for regulations

Contact airline/shipping representative for requirements

International health certificate

Veterinary export health certification system

What are some abnormal herd disease conditions?

Vesicular lesions

- fluid filled blisters

Mucosal lesions

Hemorrhagic septicemia

Abortion storms

CNS conditions

Unusual number of acute deaths

Avian disease with acute deaths

severe respiratory conditions

pox or lumpy skin conditions

unusual fly strike or mites

What are the principles of disease control and public welfare?

promoting animal health through disease control and prevention

animal industry working jointly with federal and state governments

resource for the general public

What should we know about disease transmission?

How the disease is transmitted

control measures to implement

prevention

How are diseases transmitted through contact?

Direct contact:

- spread of disease from one host to another host through the contact of hosts or contact with body secretions/lesions

Indirect contact: no contact between the hosts but contact with a contaminated reservoir, fomite, or vector

How are diseases transmitted fecal-oral?

Contamination of food or water

organisms are ingested and multiply in GI tract

ex. E coli, salmonella

What does it mean for a disease to spread via aerosol?

Airborne droplets and or dust

- organisms may survive for extended periods at a time

- route of entry is the resp tract

ex. influenza

What is a fomite?

Inanimate objects involved in disease prevention

- generated thru cough, sneeze, or equipment

- infected droplets contact a surface

What are the two types of vector?

Mechanical:

- animal is physically contaminated w/ pathogen and carries pathogen to a host

Biologic:

- vector is a required part of a pathogen's life cycle

- ticks, mosquitos

What are the 4 steps to disease control?

1. surveillance

2. epidemiology

3. prevention

4. eradication

What is a surveillance program?

An ongoing determination of the presence and severity of a disease

- goal is to improve/promote healthy animals

- Programs target individual species

What is epidemiology?

The analysis of the distribution of diseases within a population and how to prevent/control the disease

How do we institute disease control?

Biosecurity

animal management

proper hygiene

educate public

What is biosecurity?

Refers to the policies and measures put in place for protection from disease

- reduce/prevent the intro of new diseases from an outside source

- safety of living things or freedom of concern for sickness or disease

- farm management practices designed to protect both food animals and their human consumers from disease causing agents

What is prevention?

Measures taken to minimize the transmission and occurrence of an infectious disease.

How is a biosecurity plan developed?

Specific for each farm or lab

must be feasible

easily implemented

have a vet-client relationship

How can we minimize the spread of disease through biosecurity?

Vaccination/deworming

antimicrobial use

have a history and quarantine process for new animals

clean food and water

minimize animal contacts

exclude/control wildlife

animal management

fomite control

What are biosecurity guidelines?

Deliveries to the facility

Planning visits

- contact the facility prior to visit

- park away from livestock

Clean to dirty facilities

biosecurity supplies

quarantine guidelines

What are some biosecurity supplies?

Coveralls

soap

disposable boots

buckets

disinfectant

disposable gloves

boot brush

water supply

hand brush

trash bags

What is eradication?

Permanent reduction of incidence of infection; intervention measures are no longer needed

What should we educate the public on?

Ways to maintain healthy animals

regular veterinary care

adequate sanitation

understanding disease transmission and prevention

government agency contacts

What is PPE etiquette?

Protect your face

- keep hair out of the way

- keep hands away from your face/neck

Do not answer the phone while in the room

do not wear rings or a watch

What are some protective barriers?

N95 mask

Cap/hair cover

gown

gloves

How should PPE be removed?

at door to the room, remove gown then gloves

disinfect hands with alcohol handwash

leave the room

disinfect hands

hold the face shield by the edge and lift it over your head

remove hair cover

remove mask by holding it at the bottom and lifting it over your head

disinfect hands

Define traceability

Ability to track an animal from birth to the finished product purchased by the consumer

What does ADT stand for and what are the 3 pillars?

Animal Disease Traceability

an official animal identification with a specific location at a point in time

Who mandates interstate movement?

APHIS

What types of CVI's are there and what animals can be documented on them?

A CVI for livestock including:

- goats

- cattle

- sheep

- swine

- horses

-poultry

- rabbits

A CVI for small animals including:

- dogs

- cats

- ferrets

- rodents

- non human primate

What is a consignor?

The person that is moving animals from their point of origin to another location

What is a cosignee?

The person who will be receiving the animals once they've reached their destination

What is included in an interstate health certificate?

Consignor/origin of the animal

Name/address of the owner

cosignee/destination of the animal

number of animals

purpose of movement

individual identification

testing

age

When does a CVI need to be completed for interstate movement?

Must be performed by an accredited veterinarian within 7 days of movement

When should the approved copy of the CVI be sent to the state vet's office?

Within 10 days of issue

How long is a CVI valid for after examination?

30 days and must be in possession of person accompanying the shipment of animals

What are common mistakes to avoid for a CVI?

expired accreditation/vet license

incomplete or incorrectly completed CVI

- number of animals shipped doesn't match animals on form

- official ID numbers not written

vaccines not given

signature not on form

signature made by a nurse or staff instead of an accredited vet

illegible handwriting

test results not put in appropriate location

form sent after deadlines

What is VEHCS?

Veterinary export health certification system

- online submissions are encouraged for faster responses and communication with APHIS

What is needed in order to import swine into Michigan?

Interstate health certificate

pseudorabies vaccinated swine are prohibited

not previously at a slaughter facility or auction

feral/wild swine not permitited entry

brucellosis req for breeders

What are the laws regarding cervidae in Michigan?

They can be raised for breeding, meat production, hunting, animal watching, etc

MDARD allows importation of all live cervidae on a permit basis only

Define an exotic animal

Any animal that is not native to the U.S

What are the laws regarding exotic, circus, and zoo animals in Michigan?

Possession of wolf-dog hybrids, lions, tigers, cheetahs, panthers, and bears is illegal in Michigan

if the exotic, circus, or zoo animal is one of the following species it must meet the movement req for that species:

- camels/llamas

- cattle/bison

- domestic dog

- horses

- ferrets

- goats

- poultry

- sheep

- pigs

What is a pet shop?

A place where animals are offered for sale, exchange, or transfer

A license was needed to sell which animals prior to 2009?

dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, hedgehogs, sugar gliders, non-rodent, and non-livestock mammals

What species do not require a pet shop license in order to be sold?

Rodents

What is a kennel?

Premise used for selling, breeding, training, boarding, or buying

- limited to dogs

What is a shelter?

A facility for the impoundment and care of dogs, cats, and other animals

run by a humane society or country

Which organizations do not need an animal shelter license?

Organizations which operate solely via foster home rescues

What does animal control do?

Enforce animal laws

- responsible for public safety, educating the public, animal bite investigation, cruelty investigation, and handling exotic/dangerous animals

What are the state regulations for pet shops?

No longer need a license but should promote animal health/husbandry and facility operations

Cannot import/offer for sale puppies/kittens that are younger than 8 weeks

animals must be properly vaccinated and dewormed prior to importation

a health certificate must be given to the purchaser

What are the various state regulations for kennels?

1. Requirements include restrictions on record keeping, animal health and husbandry, facilities/ operations

2. check w/ local township, county offices for additional restrictions

3. In MI there are requirements for large scale breeding (>15 intact females that have whelped previously)

What are the various state regulations for animal shelters?

1. Animal shelter license is needed to operate an animal control or animal protection shelter

2. Organizations which operate solely via foster home rescues are exempt and do not need a license

3. License only needs to be applied for once

4. A shelter license is only needed for mammals

What is the ferret act?

State law that controls the sale and breeding of ferrets

What are the public health implications regarding animal ownership regarding ferrets?

Rabies

Distemper

Why is it important to have regulations for selling turtles, ferrets, or baby chicks?

Ferrets:

- prevent the spread of distemper and rabies by vaccinating them

- ensuring they aren't being imported if they are too young (<6 weeks)

Turtles:

- prevent the spread of salmonella

Baby chicks:

- prevents them from being poisoned by the chemicals of the dye used to color them

- ensure the general public views chicks as actual animals with specific needs rather than a toy

What is the sale of baby chicks, rabbits, and other fowl act?

Prohibits the sale of dyed animals

What is the turtle act?

Person shall not sell/distribute turtle eggs or live turtles with a carapace length less than 4 inch

What are the public health implications regarding animal ownership regarding birds?

Can have psittacosis - parrot fever

may cause pneumonia in humans

it is transmitted through inhaling organism in dried feces

all birds brought into the U.S. should be quarantined and treated with antibiotics for 30 days

What are the public health implications regarding animal ownership regarding reptiles?

many are asymptomatic carriers of salmonella - which is zoonotic

treatment is difficult due to antibiotic resistance

salmonella can stay in the environment for > 2 years