behavioral principles quiz one

behavior

what people do and say

dimensions of behaviors

frequency, duration, intensity, latency

overt behavior

an action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior

covert behaviors

“private events”

behavior modification

applied science and professional practice concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior

target behavior

behavior to be modified

behavioral excess

undesirable target behavior the person wants to decrease in frequency, duration, or intensity

behavioral deficit

desirable target behavior person wants to increase in frequency, duration, or intensity

behaviorism

theoretical framework behind behavior modification

experimental analysis of behavior

scientific study of behavior

applied behavior analysis

scientific study of human behavior to help change behavior

characteristics of behavior modification

~ emphasizes measuring the behavior before and after intervention to document behavior change resulting from behavior modification procedures

~ knowledge of current controlling variables is most relevant even though info on past events is useful

~ behavior modification rejects hypothetical explanations of behavior

pavlov

conditioned reflex

thorndike

law of effect: a behavior that produces a favorable effect is more likely to be repeated in the future

watson

observable behavior was proper subject matter of psychology and that all behavior was controlled by environmental events

skinner

operant conditioning

indirect assessment

interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales

direct assessment

person observes and records the target behavior as it happens

~ is preferred as usually more accurate as observer is specifically trained to observe target behavior and record its occurrence immediately, indirect depends on ppl’s memory

behavioral definition

objective and unambiguous including action verbs describing specific behaviors a person exhibits

~ characteristic of a good one is different ppl can agree the behavior is occurring

interobserver agreement/interobserver reliability/interrater reliability

when two ppl independently observe the same behavior and both record that the behavior occurred

self-monitoring

client observes and records their own target behavior

observation period

observer records target behavior in a specific period

natural setting

places in which the target behavior typically occurs

analogue setting

not part of normal daily routine

structured or unstructured observations

when observations are structured, observer arranges for specific events or activities to occur during observation period

continuous recording

observer observes client continuously throughout observation period and records each occurrence of the behavior

frequency of behavior

number of times behavior occurs in an observation period

rate

frequency divided by time of observation period

intensity of behavior

amount of force, energy, or exertion involved in the behavior

latency of behavior

time from some stimulus or event to the onset of the behavior

baseline

period during which target behavior is recorded before treatment is implemented

percentage of opportunities

percentage if trials or percentage correct

product recording

can be used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome one is interested in

interval recording

record behavior occurred during consecutive time periods or intervals

partial-interval recording

observer scores interval as an occurrence if behavior occurred during any part of the interval

whole-interval recording

occurrence of the behavior is marked in an interval only when the behavior occurs throughout the entire interval

frequency-within-interval recording

observer records frequency of the target behavior but does so within consecutive intervals of time in the observation period

time sample recording

divide the observation period into intervals of time but observe and record the behavior during only part of each interval

momentary time sample recording

behavior is recorded only if it occurs at exact instant interval ends

recording must be…

immediate and practical

reactivity

process of recording a behavior causes behavior to change even before ant treatment is implemented

how to reduce reactivity

wait until ppl who are being observed become accustomed to observer or have observer record behavior without the people knowing they’re being observed

reactivity may be desirable

behavior often changes in desired direction as result of self-monitoring when person starts to record own behavior as part of self-management project

what ioa is good

high ioa suggests observers in the study recorded target behavior consistently

how is ioa calculated

based on recording method used

occurence-only ioa

only intervals where both observers scored the behavior are counted as agreements

nonoccurence-only ioa

only intervals where both observers agreed behavior did not occur are counted as agreements

graph

visual representation of occurrence of behavior over time

what’s on x-axis

time is on horizontal/abscissa

what’s on y-axis

level of behavior is on vertical/ordinate

x and y labels

y usually tells behavior and dimension of recorded behavior while x tells unit of time

phase line

vertical line indicating change in treatment

level of behavior

how high or low data is on y-axis

a-b design

a = baseline, b = treatment

~ evaluates effects of treatment on target behavior

~ doesn’t demonstrate functional relationship

~ used in applied nonresearch situations where ppl are more interested in demonstrating behavior change has occurred

a-b-a-b reversal design

after first treatment phase, researches removes treatment and reverses back to baseline, second baseline is followed by replication of treatment

three types of multiple baseline designs

~ multiple-baseline-across-subjects design

~ multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design

~ multiple-baseline-acorss-settings design

multiple-baseline-across-subjects design

baseline and treatment phase that is replicated for the same target behavior of 2+ subjects

multiple-baselines-across-behaviors design

baseline and treatment phase that is replicated for 2+ more behaviors of same subject

multiple-baselines-across-settings design

baseline and treatment phase that is replicated in 2+ settings with same behavior of same subject

alternating-treatments design

baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared with one another

~ baseline or treatment phase is conducted until a number of data points are collected and there’s no trend in data

~ extraneous variable could not be cause of any differences between conditions

changing criterion design

successive goal levels for the target behavior specify how much target behavior should change during treatment

~ effectiveness determined whether subject’s behavior changes to meet changing performance criteria

~ behavior is plotted on graph, we can determine whether level of behavior matches criterion level