History-British empire chapter 2

In 1895 what party won the general election

The conservatives

At the time of the Berlin conference (1884-5) what percentage of Africa was under local control?

80%

20 years after the Berlin conference (1885-6) what percentage of African was outside European control?

10%

When did Sierra Leone become a British protectorate?

1896

What was Ashantiland incorporated into the Gold Coast?

1902

What was the Transvaal integrated into on 1902?

The British union of South Africa

When was the Transvaal integrated into the British union of South Africa?

1902

From when was Sudan a condominium of Britain and Egypt?

1899

When was Egypt officially named a British protectorate?

1914

When did Southern Nigeria go from being part of the Royal Niger Company to a British colony?

1906

When was Nigeria unified?

1914

When did Northern Nigeria go from being part of the Royal Niger Company to being a British colony?

1900

When did British East Africa move from being part of the Imperial British East Africa Company to being a formal protectorate?

1895

When did Uganda go from being part of the British East Africa Company to being a formal protectorate?

1894

When did Nyasaland go from being part of the British South Africa Company to being a formal protectorate?

1907

When was Matabeleland incorporated into Rhodesia ?

1895

What country was incorporated into Rhodesia in 1895?

Matabeleland

What happened to Rhodesia in 1901?

The Southern Rhodesia protectorate was formed under the administration of the BSAC

What happened to Rhodesia in 1911?

The Northern Rhodesia protectorate was formed under the administration of the BSAC

Where were the Asante people located?

Ashantiland

What was the name of the people situated in Ashantiland?

Asante people

What country did king Prempeh rule?

Ashantiland

How did the Asante people react to British rule?

Resisted and wore down the British throughout the early 1890s

What did King Prempeh refuse to do ?

Turn over the remainder of his/the Asante empire to Britain as a protectorate

What did King Prempeh’s refusal cause?

The 4th Anglo-Asante war

Who won the fourth Anglo-Asante war?

Britain-conquered Asante territories and forced Prempeh off his throne in 1896

When was the fifth and final Asante uprising ?

1900

What was the outcome of the fifth and final Anglo-Asante uprising?

Britain’s formal annexation of Ashantiland

What British colony was Ashantiland incorporated into and which year?

the Gold Coast, 1902

How did British establish their clan to Nigeria?

Occupation

When did France recognise British dominion in Nigeria and for what in exchange?

1890, Britain recognised French claim to Madagascar

What company based in Nigeria did the British government take over?

Goldie’s Royal Niger Company

When did Britain establish direct control of North Nigeria?

1900

When did the British establish direct control of South Nigeria?

1906

When was Nigeria unified?

1914

When did Britain and Germany sign an agreement on their spheres of influence in East Africa?

1890

In 1890 what did Britain and Germany agree?

Their spheres of influence in East Africa

Britain-Zanzibar Germany-Tanzania

When was Zanzibar declared a protectorate and what did the British do?

1890 ( after Britain’s and Germany’s agreement) they installed a puppet leader

Who was the puppet leader of the British Zanzibar protectorate

Sultan, Hamad bin Thuwani

When did Sultan, Hamad bin Thuwani of Zanzibar mysteriously die?

1896

Who took the throne without British permission after Hamad bin Thuwaini’s mysterious death?

His cousin Khalid

How did the British respond to Khalid taking the throne of Zanzibar without their permission?

They ordered Khalid to stand down- he refused leading to a British naval bombardment

How long did the British Naval bombardment of Zanzibar last?

38 minutes- known as the shortest war in history

Was the British naval bombardment of Zanzibar in 1896 successful?

Yes, Khalid was overthrown and a new pro British puppet leader was installed for the next 6 years ( Sultan, Hamud )

How many casualties were there during the 38 min naval bombardment of Zanzibar?

500 soldiers from the informal Zanzibar army

Who first permeated Buganda and why?

Angelican missionaries (a type of Christian), French catholic missionaries and Zanzibari Muslims who successfully converted the citizens

What place did King Mwanga rule?

Buganda

What did King Mwanga do in 1886 and why?

Executed 30 catholics/ Protestants because he wanted to assert his authority overall control over the missionaries who had the power to convert people

What did King Mwanga’s executions (1886) cause?

A civil war and Mwanga was forced to flee

When was Mwanga reinstated onto the Bugandan throne and in exchange for what?

1889 in exchange for some British (Imperial British East Africa Company) sovereignty/power over the area

In 1890 what did Mwanga sign with Lord Lugard (on behalf of the IBEAC) and what was its effect?

A treaty which gave all Mwanga’s powers over revenue, trade and administration to IBEAC

When where the IBEAC’s powers of Buganda transferred to the crown?

1894

After the British Government were transferred the powers of Buganda from the IBEAC what did they do?

Turn Buganda into a protectorate as part as Uganda

In 1897-8 what did Mwanga try to do and what were the consequences of this?

Mwanga tried to regain his territories but was captured and exiled (to Seychelles)

When was the Ugandan railway constructed?

1898

What did the Ugandan railway connect?

Mombasa on the coast to lake Victoria with fertile and temperate highlands

What did the Ugandan railway achieve in terms of colonies?

Consolidated the formal takeover of the EA protectorate and Uganda (+ connected them to the Indian Ocean)

How long was the Ugandan railway?

600 miles

How long did the Ugandan railway take to construct

5 years

How much did the Ugandan railway cost and how did the British fund it?

£5 million from British tax payers

Who did the British employ to build the Ugandan railway and how were they treated?

Indian and Chinese subjects who were badly paid and forced to work in bad conditions-2500 died while constructing

What did British railways officers have the power to do during the construction of the Ugandan railway?

Sentence workers with corporal (physical) punishments or debilitating fines for deserting or insubordination (wilful disobedience)

What key individual supported the Ugandan railway?

Joseph Chamberlain (conservative colonial secretary)

What were the 6 reasons Chamberlain used to justify the Ugandan railway?

1) it enabled access to new markets

2)it encouraged colonial settlement

3) it facilitated the export of tea and coffee

4)it protected the source of the river Nile against potential threats

5)it promoted tourism (safari tours)

6) it would help to end Arab-run East African slave trade(the use of porters)

What was the nickname given to the Ugandan railway?

The Lunatic line

How did the railway earn the name the Lunatic line?

A high rate of labourer deaths

What were the two incidents that happened during the construction of the Ugandan railway?

Kedong massacre-almost 500 workers killed by Masai warriors

Tsavo incident-between 35 and 100 workers attacked and eaten by 2 lions

When does British interest in Kenya date back to?

The Berlin conference (1884-5)

Why did British have interest in Kenya?

It was a useful route from Uganda to the coast

The BEAC was going bankrupt

Wanted to control the lucrative/profitable trade of Uganda and Zanzibar

What did Britain take advantage of in Kenya to take control?

The dispute between the Muzrui and Muslim majority

In Kenya who attacked the British for 9 months with German weapons?

Sheikh Mbaruk bin Rashid

What happened when the British crushed Sheikh Mbaruk bin Rashid after 9 months

He fled

When did Kenya become part of the British East Africa protectorate?

1895

When was Kenya officially declared a British colony?

1920

When did the Mahdist revolt in Sudan start?

1881

Where and when was general gordon killed ?

Khartoum 1885

Who succeeded the Mahdi

Khalifa Abdullah

What did the Mahdi (KA) try and do what was the outcome?

Unite Sudan, met with internal resistance fighters and met with challenges of famine and disease

What was Gladstone and Lord Salisbury’s stance on Egypt?

Gladstone-want to withdraw troops

Salisbury-Egypt vital to India (suez canal) and reconquer parts of Sudan

what did lord Salisbury sign with Germany and when?

1890-treaty spheres of influence

G-tangayjka

B-Kenya and Uganda

Why was Italy in the Red Sea coast beneficial to Britain?

It distracted the Khalifa of Sudan from the Egyptian boarder

When was Italy defeated by Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in Adowa why was this bad for b?

1896 Khalifa no longer distracted /worried

When was general sir Herbert Kitchener commander in chief for the Egyptian army?

1896

What were kitchener’s orders during the campaign for Sudan and what did he do?

Orders-permeate Sudan territory as far as Dongola

Actions-went further to Khartoum(using maxim guns 1884)

What was the battle of Omdurman 1898?

B attacking the Sudanese people easily with maxim guns

What was Kitchener given to open after he defeated the Sudanese?

A sealed letter telling them to go to fashoda - disagreement on territory w France

What was the outcome of the fashoda incident 1898?

France backed down and they came to an agreement in 1899 where f promised to stay out if Nile valley and was given territory in WA

After the veiled protectorate was formed in 1899 what followed?

An Anglo Egyptian Sudan was established (condominium)

B appointed Kitchener as first governor general (khedive)-(replaced by Reginald wingate in 1902)

Kitchener established Gordon college to train young Sudanese people for government positions

When was somaliland declared a protectorate?

1888

What did Britain do to reinforce their power over somaliland in 1889?

Administrative and military personnel introduced

Why were Britain interested in Somaliland when it has few resources?

Limit French and Italian ambitions in area and crucial access to Indian Ocean and east colonies

What was Rhodesia formally known as ?

South zambezia

What was the population of Rhodesia like?

Diverse -home to the Ndebele/matabele

Who was Rhodesia ruled by ?

King lobengula

What drew the British ( Cecil Rhodes ) to South Zambesia ?

Discovery of gold

What did Cecil Rhodes do in Rhodesia?

Turn it into a protectorate w permission

Set up mining concessions

-followed by white settlers

When was the first Ndebele (Matabele) war?

1893-4

What happened at the first Ndebele war 1893-4?

8000 Ndebele warriors maxim guns

Lobengula escaped

resistance continued

When was the 2nd Ndebele war?

1895-6

Who was the 2nd Ndebele war led by?

Milmo- spiritual leader