Modalities

what does depth of penetration depend on with ultrasound?

frequency

what are the 2 types of depths used for ultrasound?

3.3 MHz= depth of up to 2.5 cm but heats tissues 3x faster

1.0 MHz= depth of up 6 cm

what is continuous vs pulsed mode for ultrasound?

continous: deliveres constant energy level throughout the treatment to provide a thermal effect

pulsed: periodic cessation of energy flow used for a non-thermal effect to reduce inflammation

when doing ultrasound, the area of application needs to stay ____ the sound head to be effective.

4x

what are the indications for ultrasound?

• continous: soft tissue shortening, pain control, tendon and ligament injuries when stretching

• pulsed: dermal ulcers/wound healing, surgical skin incisions, tendon and ligament injuries when acute, carpal tunnel

what are the contraindications of ultrasound?

malignant tumor, pregnancy, CNS tissue, cement/plastic joint components, pacemaker, thrombopheblitis, eyes/reproductive organs, impaired circulation, acute hemorrhaging, acute infection

what is phonophoresis?

the application of ultrasound to enhance the absorption of topical agents through the skin

what are the types of e-stim currents?

alternating: bidirectional flow that changes directions at least 1 time per second; ex russion or interferential

pulsatile: uni or bidrectional flow that periodically ceases for a period of time before the next event; ex russion

direct: continuous unidirectional flow for at least 1 second. ex iontophoresis

what forms of e-stim are used for pain?

ionto, interferential, TENS, HVPC

what are the types of e-stim used for strength?

NMES/russion, functional estim

what are biological tissues that create resistance to electrical current?

skin, hair, fascia, ligaments, callus, fat, bone, tendon, scar

what are the number/size of electrodes for each form of e-stim?

determined based on the type of current and size of treatment area…

• interferential: quadripolar only so channels cross

• TENS, NMES, HVPC can be bipolar or quadripolar

• ionto: bipolar only

what are the indications for different e-stim waveforms?

iontophoresis: acute, pinpoint pain. con is that it requires prescription for medication

IFC: chronic or deep pain, OA/RA

TENS: acute or superficial pain, swelling

HVPC: wound healing, swelling

what are the contraindications for e-stim?

pacemaker, malignant tumor, pregancy, thrombophlebitis, carotid sinus, active bleeding, acute infection