Introduction to Microbiology (Topic 1 - PreMid)

Vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental terms, branches, historical figures, and key concepts from Chapter 1 of Microbiology with a pharmacy focus.

Microbiology

The study of organisms so small they cannot be seen with the naked eye (microbes).

Edward Jenner

Father of Immunology

Edward Jenner

Discovered the first vaccine (from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow) for smallpox.

Joseph Lister

Father of Antiseptic Surgery

Joseph Lister

Used ‘phenol’ & ‘carbolic acid’ to disinfect wounds

Joseph Lister

Aseptic surgery

Paul Ehrlich

Father of Chemotherapy

Salvarsan

Discovered by Paul Ehrlich for the treatment of syphilis

Chemotherapy

Treatment of disease by using chemical substances

Salvarsan

Anti-syphilitic drug

Salvarsan

Other names:

1. Magic Bullet

2. Compound 606

3. Arsphenamine

Alexander Fleming

Discovered ‘penicillin’ from Penicillium notatum

September 28, 1928

Date Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

Penicillin

World’s first antibiotic or bacteria killer

Robert Hooke

First observation of cells

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Surgical handwashing

Dmitri Ivanovsky

Discovery of Virus

Ferdinand Julius Cohn

Classified bacteria into four groups of shape

Hans Christian Gram

Developed the gram staining used to classify bacteria

Emil Adolf von Behring

Discovered Diphtheria antitoxin

Fanny Hesse

Introduced agar as culture medium

Robert Koch

Father of Microbial Techniques

Robert Koch

Formulated the Koch’s postulates

Robert Koch

Golden Age of Microbiology

Robert Koch

Discovered:

1. M. tuberculosis

2. V. cholerae

3. B. anthracis

Koch’s Postulates

1. The pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to bE the original organism.

Louis Pasteur

Performed countless experiments that led to his ‘germ theory of disease’

Louis Pasteur

Developed the processes of ‘Pasteurization’ & ‘Fermentation’

Pasteurization & Fermentation

Processes developed by Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

He introduced the terms ‘aerobes’ & ‘anaerobes’

Aerobes & Anaerobes

The terms introduced by Louis Pasteur

Genus & Specific epithet

Microorganisms are known by two names:

Genus & Specific epithet

Both are underlined or italicized

Scientific names

These can:

1. Describe an organism

2. Honor a researcher

3. Identify the habitat of the species

4. Identify its use

Microbiology (Nomenclature)

It was established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735

Latin

It was the language traditionally used by scholars

Robert Hooke

Was an English man who discovered cell

Robert Hooke

Described the cell as “little boxes”

The Cell Theory

All living things are composed of cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch merchant and an amateur scientist

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Created the single lens microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

The first to actually observe live microorganisms which he called ‘animalcules’

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microscopy (Simple Microscope)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology

Animalcules

Is the term Anton van Leeuwenhoek used referring to the live microorganisms which he observed

Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoan)

(Genus) Corkscrew- (trypano-, borer; soma-, body)

Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoan)

(Specific epiphet) Honors epidemiologist ‘Oswaldo Cruz’

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Also known as ‘yeast’

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(Genus) Fungus (-myces) that uses sugar (saccharo-)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(Specific epiphet) Makes beer (cerevisia)

Penicillium chrysogenum (fungi)

(Genus) Tuftlike or paintbrush (penicil-) appearance microscopically

Penicillium chrysogenum (fungi)

(Specific epiphet) Produces a yellow (chryso) pigment

Bacteriology

Branch of microbiology that studies bacteria.

Virology

Branch of microbiology that studies viruses.

Mycology

Branch of microbiology that studies fungi.

Parasitology

Branch of microbiology that studies protozoa and parasitic worms.

Phycology

Branch of microbiology that studies algae.

Immunology

Branch of science that studies the immune system and immune response.

Normal flora (Indigenous flora)

Microorganisms that normally inhabit the human body and generally do not cause disease unless immunity is compromised.

Saprophyte (Decomposer)

Organism that obtains nutrients from dead organic matter, aiding environmental recycling.

Antimicrobial agent

Substance produced by microbes (often bacteria or fungi) that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.

The Germ Theory of Disease

A theory in medicine which states that infections, contagious diseases, and various other conditions result from the action of microorganisms.

Pharmaceutical aseptic technique

Procedures used to prevent contamination of sterile products with microorganisms.

Antibiotic

Chemical substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits the growth of or destroys other microbes.

Genus

First part of a scientific name; always capitalized and italicized/underlined (e.g., Escherichia).

Specific epithet (species name)

Second part of a scientific name; lowercase and italicized/underlined (e.g., coli in Escherichia coli).

Nomenclature

System of naming organisms, established by Carolus Linnaeus, using Latinized binomials.

Aerobe

Organism that requires oxygen for growth.

Streptococcus pyogenes

(Specific epiphet) Forms pus

Streptococcus pyogenes

(Genus) Appearance of cells in chains /strepto

Salmonella typhimurium

(Specific epiphet) Causes stupor in mice

Salmonella typhimurium

(Genus) Honors health biologist ‘Daniel Salmon’

Anaerobe

Organism that grows without, and may be harmed by, oxygen.

Pasteurization

Heat treatment (developed by Louis Pasteur) that reduces spoilage microbes and pathogens in liquids.

Fermentation

Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol, acid, or gas; process elucidated by Louis Pasteur.

Koch’s Postulates

Four criteria devised by Robert Koch to prove a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

Cell Theory

Concept that all living things are composed of cells, first articulated by Robert Hooke.

Microscope (simple)

Single-lens instrument built by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, enabling first observation of live microbes.

Penicillin

First true antibiotic, discovered by Alexander Fleming from the mold Penicillium notatum.

Salvarsan (Compound 606)

Arsphenamine drug discovered by Paul Ehrlich; first chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis.

Chemotherapy (microbial context)

Treatment of disease using chemical substances, pioneered by Paul Ehrlich.

Vaccine

Preparation that induces immunity; first developed by Edward Jenner using cowpox to prevent smallpox.

Antiseptic surgery

Surgical practice using chemicals (e.g., phenol) to prevent infection, introduced by Joseph Lister.

Agar

Solidifying agent for culture media introduced by Fanny Hesse.

Gram stain

Differential staining method devised by Hans Christian Gram to classify bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.

Diphtheria antitoxin

Serum therapy discovered by Emil Adolf von Behring for treating diphtheria.

Virus

Submicroscopic infectious agent; first demonstrated by Dmitri Ivanovsky.

Bacterial shape classification

System created by Ferdinand Julius Cohn grouping bacteria into shape categories (spherical, rod, etc.).

Handwashing in surgery

Antiseptic measure advocated by Ignaz Semmelweiss to reduce puerperal fever.

Normal flora importance

Protects host, aids digestion, and can become pathogenic in immunocompromised individuals.

Biological warfare agent

Microorganism deliberately used to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants.

Antibiotic resistance

Ability of microbes to withstand effects of an antibiotic, a growing concern in medicine.

Microbial biotechnology

Use of microorganisms in industry (food, beverage, pharmaceuticals, mining, genetics).

Pharmacy–microbiology interface

Field where knowledge of microbes guides drug formulation, sterility, and antimicrobial therapy.