General Biology (chapter 8) Overview

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 42

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

43 Terms

1
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food using light energy (e.g., plants, algae, cyanobacteria).
New cards
2
Photosynthesis
Process converting CO₂ + H₂O → glucose + O₂ using sunlight.
New cards
3
Chloroplast
Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
New cards
4
Thylakoid
Membrane-bound discs in chloroplasts where light reactions occur.
New cards
5
Stroma
Fluid-filled space in chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.
New cards
6
Stomata
Leaf pores for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out).
New cards
7
Chlorophyll
Pigment absorbing blue/red light; reflects green.
New cards
8
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments absorbing blue/green light; protect chlorophyll.
New cards
9
Photosystem II (PS II)
Protein-pigment complex that splits water and initiates the electron transport chain.
New cards
10
Photosystem I (PS I)
Protein-pigment complex that re-energizes electrons to make NADPH.
New cards
11
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons and pump H⁺ ions.
New cards
12
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that produces ATP as H⁺ ions flow through it.
New cards
13
NADPH
Electron carrier molecule used in the Calvin cycle.
New cards
14
Photolysis
Splitting of water into O₂, H⁺, and electrons using light.
New cards
15
Calvin Cycle
Light-independent reactions that fix CO₂ into glucose.
New cards
16
RuBisCO
Enzyme that fixes CO₂ to RuBP in C₃ plants.
New cards
17
RuBP
Ribulose bisphosphate; a 5-carbon molecule that binds CO₂.
New cards
18
3PG (3-Phosphoglycerate)
First stable molecule formed after CO₂ fixation.
New cards
19
G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate)
3-carbon sugar used to make glucose, starch, and lipids.
New cards
20
Photorespiration
Wasteful process where O₂ binds RuBisCO instead of CO₂.
New cards
21
C₃ Plants
Plants using only the Calvin cycle (e.g., rice, wheat).
New cards
22
C₄ Plants
Plants that spatially separate CO₂ fixation (mesophyll) and the Calvin cycle (bundle sheath).
New cards
23
CAM Plants
Plants that fix CO₂ at night and run the Calvin cycle during the day (e.g., cacti).
New cards
24
PEP Carboxylase
Enzyme in C₄/CAM plants with high CO₂ affinity.
New cards
25
Malate
Molecule that stores CO₂ in C₄/CAM plants.
New cards
26
Bundle Sheath Cells
Cells in C₄ plants where the Calvin cycle occurs.
New cards
27
Mesophyll Cells
Leaf cells where CO₂ fixation occurs in C₃/C₄ plants.
New cards
28
Glucose Phosphate
Molecule derived from G3P; precursor to sucrose and starch.
New cards
29
Sucrose
Disaccharide used for energy transport in plants.
New cards
30
Starch
Polysaccharide used for long-term energy storage.
New cards
31
Cellulose
Polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
New cards
32
ATP
Energy currency molecule produced in light reactions.
New cards
33
NADP+
Electron carrier molecule reduced to NADPH.
New cards
34
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Range of light wavelengths; plants use visible light (400-700 nm).
New cards
35
Visible Light
Wavelengths (400-700 nm) used in photosynthesis.
New cards
36
Redox Reaction
Reaction involving electron transfer (CO₂ is reduced, H₂O is oxidized).
New cards
37
Light Reactions
Phase converting sunlight to ATP and NADPH.
New cards
38
Cyclic Electron Flow
Pathway producing ATP only (no NADPH or O₂).
New cards
39
Noncyclic Electron Flow
Pathway producing ATP, NADPH, and O₂.
New cards
40
Photophosphorylation
ATP synthesis using light energy.
New cards
41
Light-Dependent Reactions
Phase converting sunlight into ATP and NADPH; occurs in thylakoids.
New cards
42
Calvin Cycle (C₃ Pathway)
Light-independent reactions in stroma; converts CO₂ → glucose.
New cards
43

Immediate Product of Photosynthesis: Glucose

G3P is converted into glucose, which serves as an energy source for the plant.

New cards
robot