Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter: Definitions, Changes, and States

What are properties that distinguish one substance from another called?

Properties

What is a physical property?

A characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.

Give examples of physical properties.

Density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.

What is a physical change?

A change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in the chemical identities of the substances.

What are some examples of physical changes?

Melting wax, dissolving sugar in coffee, and steam condensing into liquid water.

What defines a chemical property?

The ability to change from one type of matter into another or the inability to change.

What are examples of chemical properties?

Flammability, toxicity, acidity, and reactivity.

What is a chemical change?

A change that produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the change.

What is rusting an example of?

A chemical change.

What are extensive properties?

Properties that depend on the amount of matter present.

Give examples of extensive properties.

Mass and volume.

What are intensive properties?

Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present.

Give an example of an intensive property.

Temperature.

What does the NFPA hazard diamond indicate?

It summarizes the various dangers associated with a chemical substance.

What does the red diamond in the NFPA hazard diamond represent?

The level of fire hazard.

What does the blue diamond in the NFPA hazard diamond indicate?

The level of health hazard.

What does the yellow diamond in the NFPA hazard diamond describe?

Reactivity hazards.

What does the white diamond in the NFPA hazard diamond point out?

Special hazards such as corrosiveness or radioactivity.

How are elements categorized based on their properties?

Into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

What is the periodic table?

A table of elements that places elements with similar properties close together.

What do metals do?

Conduct heat and electricity well.

What do nonmetals do?

Conduct heat and electricity poorly.

What are metalloids?

Elements that have intermediate conductivities.

What happens to the temperature when combining two samples at the same temperature?

The temperature remains the same.

What is an example of a chemical change in cooking?

Cooking red meat, which causes oxidation of iron.

What is the significance of the NFPA hazard diamond's rating scale?

It rates hazards from 0 (no hazard) to 4 (extremely hazardous).

What are the three classical states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What state is water in at temperatures below freezing?

Solid.

At what temperature range is water a liquid?

Between freezing and boiling points.

What state does water take at temperatures above boiling?

Gas (steam).

What is a characteristic of solids?

Definite shape and volume.

How do particles behave in a solid?

They vibrate around fixed axes.

What is an example of an amorphous solid?

Glass.

What defines the liquid state of matter?

Particles can move about each other while remaining in contact.

What is a unique property of mercury?

It is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

What happens to liquid mercury when heated to its boiling point?

It transitions to a gas state.

What characterizes gases?

No definite shape or volume.

How do gas particles behave?

They move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other.

What is the relative strength of intermolecular interactions in solids?

Strong.

What is the relative particle position in liquids?

In contact but not fixed.

What is the volume change factor when a liquid transitions to a gas?

It can increase by a factor of 1,000 or more.

What describes the state with particles in fixed positions?

Solid.

What state has particles far apart from each other?

Gas.

What state has a definite volume but no definite shape?

Liquid.

What is plasma?

A fourth state of matter that does not naturally occur on Earth.

What happens to the shape of a liquid?

It takes the shape of its container.

What is the characteristic of solids regarding their arrangement?

They are arranged in a regular, three-dimensional array.

What is the definition of an amorphous solid?

A solid that does not have a regular arrangement of particles.

What is the relationship between temperature and the state of matter?

The state depends on the temperature of the substance.

What is the characteristic of gas particles in terms of compressibility?

Gases are highly compressible.

What is the effect of temperature on the state of mercury?

It can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas depending on temperature.

What is the definition of a solid?

A state of matter with a definite shape and volume.

What is the definition of a liquid?

A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape.

What is the definition of a gas?

A state of matter with neither a definite shape nor volume.