Private Pilot Theory Exam 2

What effect does high density altitude, as compared to low density altitude, have on propeller efficiency and why?

What effect does high density altitude, as compared to low density altitude, have on propeller efficiency and why?

Efficiency is reduced because the propeller exerts less force at high density altitudes than at low density altitudes.

If the outside air temperature (OAT) at a given altitude is warmer than standard, the density altitude is

Higher than pressure altitude

Which combination of atmospheric conditions will reduce aircraft takeoff and climb performance?

High temperature, high relative humidity, and high density altitude.

What effect does high density altitude have on aircraft performance?

It reduces climb performance.

What is the effect of a temperature increase from 25 to 50°F on the density altitude if the pressure altitude remains at 5,000 feet?

1,650-foot increase

Determine the pressure altitude with an indicated altitude of 1,380 feet MSL with an altimeter setting of 28.22 at standard temperature.

2,991 feet MSL

Determine the density altitude for these conditions:Altimeter setting: 29.25Runway temperature: + 81°FAirport elevation: 5,250 ft MSL

8,500 feet MSL

What effect, if any, does high humidity have on aircraft performance?

It decreases performance.

What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?

15°C and 29.92" Hg.

Which factor would tend to increase the density altitude at a given airport?

An increase in ambient temperature.

What does the horizontal dashed line from Point C to Point E represent?

Positive Limit Load Factor

A POH can be approved by the FAA as an approved Flight Manual for an airplane.

True

What is the approximate temperature lapse rate?

2°C per 1000'

If the operational category of an airplane is listed as "utility", this means the airplane could be operated in which maneuvers?

Limited aerobatics, including spins

What is the standard temperature at 10,000 feet?

5°C

Standard temperature at sea level is 15°C. The standard lapse rate is 2°C/1,000 feet.

10 x 2 = -20°C temperature decrease to 10,000 feet

+15° - 20° = -5°C standard temperature at 10,000 feet.

What is the standard temperature at 20,000 feet?

-25°C

Standard temperature at sea level is 15°C. The average lapse rate is 2°C/1,000 feet.

20 x -2 = -40°C temperature decrease to 20,000 feet

15°C - 40°C = -25°C standard temperature at 20,000 feet

Given:

Pressure Altitude: 6,000'

Air temperature: 30°F

The approximate density altitude is:

5,500'

List ARROW documents

A- Airworthiness certificate

R- Registration certificate

R- Radio operator license (only international)

O- Operating handbook

W- Weight & balance

Which combination of atmospheric conditions will reduce aircraft takeoff and climb performance?

High temperature, high relative humidity, and high density altitude.

Pull up a Headwind/Crosswind Component Graph

What is the headwind component for a landing on Runway 18 if the tower reports the wind as 220° at 30 knots?

23 knots

Pull up a Headwind/Crosswind Component Graph

Determine the maximum wind velocity for a 45° crosswind if the maximum crosswind component for the airplane is 25 knots.

35 knots

Pull up a Headwind/Crosswind Component Graph

With a reported wind of north at 20 knots, which runway (6, 29, or 32) is acceptable for use for an airplane with a 13-knot maximum crosswind component?

Runway 32

Pull up a Headwind/Crosswind Component Graph

What is the crosswind component for a landing on Runway 18 if the tower reports the wind as 220° at 30 knots?

19 knots

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Graph

Determine the total distance required to land.

OAT: 32°F

Pressure altitude: 8,000 ft

Weight: 2,600 lb

Headwind component: 20 kts

Obstacle: 50 ft

1400 feet

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Graph

Determine the approximate total distance required to land over a 50-foot obstacle.

OAT: 90°F

Pressure altitude: 4,000 ft

Weight: 2,800 lb

Headwind component: 10 kts

1775 feet

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Table

Determine the approximate landing ground roll distance.

Pressure altitude: Sea level

Headwind: 4 kts'

Temperature: Std

401 feet

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Table

Determine the total distance required to land over a 50-foot obstacle.

Pressure altitude: 5,000 ft

Headwind: 8 kts

Temperature: 41°F

Runway: Hard surface

956 feet

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Table

Determine the approximate landing ground roll distance.

Pressure altitude: 5,000 ft

Headwind: Calm

Temperature: 101°F

545 feet

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Graph

Determine the total distance required for takeoff to clear a 50-foot obstacle.

OAT: Std

Pressure altitude: 4,000 ft

Takeoff weight: 2,800 lb

Headwind component: Calm

1750 feet

Pull up Airplane Landing Distance Graph

Determine the approximate ground roll distance required for takeoff.

OAT: 95°F

Pressure altitude: 2,000 ft

Takeoff weight: 2,500 lb

Headwind component: 20 kts

650 feet

What is ground effect?

The result of the interference of the surface of the Earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane.

Floating caused by the phenomenon of ground effect will be most realized during an approach to land when at

Less than the length of the wingspan above the surface

What must a pilot be aware of as a result of ground effect?

Induced drag decreases; therefore, any excess speed at the point of flare may cause considerable floating

The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is

Heavy, clean, and slow.

When landing behind a large aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by staying

above the large aircraft's final approach path and landing beyond the large aircraft's touchdown point.

When departing behind a heavy aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by maneuvering the aircraft

above and upwind from the heavy aircraft.

When turbulence is encountered during the approach to landing, what action is recommended and for what primary reason?

Increase the airspeed slightly above normal approach speed to attain more positive control.

A sudden decrease in headwind will cause the airplane to briefly show a loss of airspeed equal to the decrease in wind velocity.

True or False: On approach to land, this is more dangerous than an increase in headwind.

true

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

Approximately what true airspeed should a pilot expect with full throttle at 10,500 feet with a temperature of 36 degrees F above standard?

165 knots

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

What is the expected fuel consumption for a 1,000-nautical mile flight under the following conditions?

Pressure altitude: 8,000 ft

Temperature: 22°C

Manifold pressure: 20.8" Hg

Wind: Calm

70.1 gallons

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

What is the expected fuel consumption for a 500-nautical mile flight under the following conditions?

Pressure altitude: 4,000 ft

Temperature: + 29°C

Manifold pressure: 21.3" Hg

Wind: Calm

36.1 gallons

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

What fuel flow should a pilot expect at 11,000 feet on a standard day with 65 percent maximum continuous power?

11.2 gallons per hour

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

Which of the following is the approximate manifold pressure setting with 2450 RPM to achieve 65% maximum continuous power at 7000 feet with a temperature of 36°F higher than standard:

20.9 in Hg

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

What true airspeed (in knots) can you expect with 65% maximum continuous power at 8000 feet pressure altitude with the temperature of 20°C below standard?

157 knots

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

What true airspeed can you expect with a 65% maximum continuous power at 9500 feet pressure altitude with a temperature of ISA -20°C? Give your answer in both knots and MPH.

159 knots or 183 MPH

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

To achieve 65% maximum continuous power at 4000 feet pressure altitude with 2450 RPM set, what would be the manifold pressure if the temperature was ISA -20°C?

20.1 in. Hg.

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

Which of the following is the approximate true airspeed a pilot will expect with 65% maximum continuous power at 9500 feet with a temperature of 36°F below standard?

183 MPH

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

Given the following conditions, what is the expected fuel consumption for a 500 NM flight?

Pressure altitude: 4,000 ft

Temperature: + 29°C

Manifold Pressure: 21.3 in Hg

Wind: Calm

36.2 gallons

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

Given the following conditions, what is expected fuel consumption for a 450 NM flight?

Pressure Altitude: 12,000 feet

IOAT: -6°C

Manifold Pressure: 18.8 inches Hg

Headwind: 10 knots

32.1 gallons

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

You are cruising at 10,000 feet pressure altitude on a standard day (ISA temperatures) with 65% maximum continuous power

What fuel flow in GPH can you expect?___ GPH

What true airspeed in knots would you expect to achieve?___ knots

11.5 GPH and 163 knots

As altitude is gained, rate of climb:

decreases

True or False: Higher gross weights will not affect climb performance.

False

Pull up a Fuel, Time and Distance to climb chart

Using a normal climb, how much fuel would be used from engine start to 12,000 feet pressure altitude?

Aircraft weight: 3,800 lb

Airport pressure altitude: 4,000 ft

Temperature: 26°C

58 pounds

Pull up a Fuel, Time and Distance to climb chart

GIVEN:

Aircraft Weight 3,400 lb

Airport pressure altitude 4,000 ft

Temperature at 4,000 feet 14°C

Using a normal climb under the given conditions, how much time would be required to climb to a pressure altitude of 8,000 feet?

5.5 minutes

Pull up Cruise and Range Performance Chart

If the cruise altitude is 7,500 feet, using 64 percent power at 2,500 RPM, what would be the range with 48 gallons of usable fuel?

810 miles

Pull up Airplane Power Setting Table

What is the expected fuel consumption for a 1,000-nautical mile flight under the following conditions?

Pressure altitude: 8,000 ft

Temperature: 22°C

Manifold pressure: 20.8" Hg

Wind: 20 knot headwind

79.9 gallons

Name and describe the types of hypoxia:

Hypoxic Hypoxia -Insufficient oxygen available to reach the blood. Can be caused by altitude.

Hypemic Hypoxia - Carbon Monoxide poisoning, blood unable to pick up and transport oxygen.

Histotoxic Hypoxia - Cellular respiration impaired due to alcohol or drugs.

Stagnant Hypoxia - Ischemia, due to G loads and acceleration, blood in lungs is not moving.

Symptoms of hypoxia

Cyanosis ( blue fingernails and lips)

Headache

Decreased Reaction Time

Impaired Judgment

Euphoria

Visual Impairment

Drowsiness

Lightheaded /dizziness

Tingling in fingers and toes

Numbness

What is the most likely source of carbon monoxide poisoning and how can it be cured?

Cures: turn off heater, open vents and windows, use supplemental oxygen and land.

Body requires up to 48 hours to dispose of CO.

What causes hyperventilation and how can it be cured?

Excessive depth and rate of respiration leading to the loss of Carbon Dioxide

Cures: Consciously slow breathing, breathe into a paper bag, sing, or talk

What is spatial disorientation and how can it be cured?

Spatial disorientation is messages misinterpreted by the brain.

Can be cured by relying on your instruments.

Is there a cure for motion sickness, and if so, how would you cure it?

Focus outside on a distant object

Avoid unnecessary head movements

No abrupt changes in attitude

Lots of fresh air

Land ASAP

An upsloping runway creates the illusion of being high or low?

High

What is your approximate time of useful consciousness at 40,000 feet?

12 to 15 seconds

Define Aeronautical Decision Making.

ADM is the systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

Name the five hazardous attitudes and explain the antidotes.

Anti Authority - Follow the rules

Impulsivity - Not so fast, think first

Invulnerability - It could happen to me

Macho - Taking chances is foolish

Resignation - I'm not helpless, I can make a difference

a narrower than usual runway will give the illusion of a higher, or lower, than normal approach

higher than normal

Explain the "DECIDE" model.

D - Detect the fact that a change has occurred.

E - Estimate the need to counter or react to the change.

C - Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight.

I - Identity actions which could successfully control the change.

D - Do the necessary action to adapt to the change.

E - Evaluate the effect of the action.

Explain the "IMSAFE" checklist.

I - Illness - Do I have symptoms?

M - Medication - Did I take prescriptions or drugs?

S - Stress - Am I under excess stress?

A - Alcohol - Have I drank within 12-24 hrs?

F - Fatigue - Did I get enough sleep?

E - Emotion - Am I emotionally stable?

E - Eating - Have I ate/drink enough?

Troposphere

Surface to 5-8 miles

Tropopause

Point where air ceases to cool with height

Stratosphere

Extends up 19-22 miles above the surface

Thermosphere

Region where outer space is considered to begin

Mesosphere

Extends up to 50 miles above the surface

Convection is the

vertical transfer of air and heat energy

True or False: The composition of air (nitrogen, oxygen, trace gases) changes with altitude.

False

A cooled parcel of air that sinks down a slope is called:

Katabatic wind or mountain breeze

A warm parcel of air that flows up a slope is called:

Anatabic wind or valley breeze

What is the ICAO standard adiabatic lapse rate?

3.5F per 1,000'

Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of

heat exchange

When there is a temperature inversion, you would expect to experience

An increase in temperature as altitude increases.

True or False: When isobars are close together, the pressure gradient force is greater and wind velocities are stronger.

True

The wind at 5,000 feet AGL is southwesterly while the surface wind is southerly. This difference in direction is primarily due to

friction between the wind and the surface.

The Coriolis force causes deflection in which direction in the Northern Hemisphere?

To the right

Circulation that brings cooler, moist air inland from the ocean during the day is called:

Sea breeze

Where would you expect to find the greatest friction effect between the terrain and the wind?

Rough terrain

The horizontal motion of air is known as?

Advection

Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?

Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds

Which conditions result in the formation of frost?

The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing when small droplets of moisture fall on the surface

What cloud types would indicate convective turbulence?

Towering cumulus clouds

Possible mountain wave turbulence could be anticipated when winds of 40 knots or greater blow

across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable

Where does wind shear occur?

At all altitudes, in all directions

When may hazardous wind shear be expected?

In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence

One in-flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is

visible moisture

In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?

Freezing rain

Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?

Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability

How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?

Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed

If there is thunderstorm activity in the vicinity of an airport at which you plan to land, which hazardous atmospheric phenomenon might be expected on the landing approach?

Wind-shear turbulence

Upon encountering severe turbulence, which flight condition should the pilot attempt to maintain?

Level flight attitude

What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?

Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights