[Test] UNC SOCI 122 Midterm study Guide ch 1-7

USE FOR TEST STUDY

Social Movement

Organized activism intended to be engaged in over a long period of time, with an objective of changing society in some way through collective action

Grassroots movements

Movements that were inspired by the masses, by everyday people.

Reform movements

Movements whose goal is to change something in society.

Left-wing movements

Movements that were attempting to increase freedom and equality for submerged groups.

Collective Behavior

Unorganized, spontaneous, and often short-lived actions of a large group of people, such as riots, fashion, or fads.

Social and cultural conditions that facilitated activism in post WWII era- including the CRM

• 1954 was the start of the CRM with Brown V. Board.

• Truman integrated the armed forces in 1948

• Minority groups fought segregated and wanted more rights after the war

• The economy was booming so it created better lives for minority and they wanted more

Relative deprivation

the perception of a subordinate group that its situation is worse than that of the dominant group in terms of economics, power, and privilege.

Mobilization

The crucial recruitment of movement participants.

Sense of efficacy

the belief that people can change their situation

Collective identities

the re-creation or resurgence of racial/ethnic group’s culture, traditions, or history.

Civil disobedience

The practice of refusing to obey discriminatory laws, and nonviolent activism than the more traditional civil rights orgs.

Non-violent direct action

Engaging in confrontational tactics and remaining non-violent in the face of violence (examples, strikes, sit ins, and demos)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Started because of Rosa Parks

Lasted 381 days

Black riders were 75% of the buses customer base

All African Americans participated.

School integration- Little rock Nine

First school to be integrated

Was chosen because Little rock was already somewhat integrated community (Police, and Law school)

Each of the Nine students had an assigned body guard.

School desegregation (Might be connected to the upper)

Little rock, and the Governor of the state closed the schools after the first year that the NINE were there.

Supreme court came in and deemed it unconstitutional to close down all the schools

Freedom Rides

Whites would sit in the back and the Blacks in the front? Basically did not follow the “whites” and “colored” signs.

Sit-ins

Gboro 4, in the 1960, sat in the lunch counter even though they were denied service.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

• Interested in making leaders

• Group centered rather than leader centered

• Interracial group

SCLC ( South Christian Leadership Conference)

• Emerged because of the success of the bus boycott. 

• MLK was the first president of the org

NAACP (National Association for the advancement of Colored people)

• 1909

• Foundation of the modern CRM

• Legal defense fund, fought in courts against racial inequality

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

• 1942 in Chicago

• Nonviolence to counter segregation

Freedom Summer

Brought CRM to Mississippi (A closed society)

Freedom Schools

SNCC was part of this

Participatory democracy

Discourages the centralization of leadership and is non-hierarchical

Bob Zellner

member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee as its first white field secretary.

Black Power

• Black Panther Party, FBI deemed them to be the “greatest” threat to the country at the time.

• Wanted Blacks to use violence as self-defense when confronted by violent whites.

Legislative Victories of the CRM

• Civil Rights Acts of 1964 

• Voting Rights act of 1965

• Economic Opportunity Act

Demise of the CRM

1968, MLK was killed

JFK was killed

Vietnam war was raging

MLK swapped to anti-war activism

Cultural Activism

The efforts racial/ethnic minorities engage to sustain their cultures.

Race Pride Movement

The reassertions of racial identity and culture that have occurred since the mid 1960s

Collective Memory

Beliefs about the past that the people of a nation believe that is a legitimate representation of their history.

Alcatraz Island and the Native Americans

College students went to Alcatraz and attempted to claim the land

Based on a 1868 Sioux treaty that granted natives the right to unused federal land.

BIA in DC

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Natives from across the country occupied BIA offices for a week before the 1972 election

Demise of the Red Power Movement

• AIM leaders were deemed a threat to the US

• The org was investigated and some members arrested

Cesar Chavez and United Farm Workers

Wanted farm workers to have more protections

Filipino and Chicano farmworkers

Educational Demands and Chicanos

Bilingual education programs

Chicano studies programs

Preservation of Chicano culture

School Walkouts and Chicanos

1968 over 10k east LA HS students

Lasted over a week

Protested racism, absence of Mexican-American culture and history

Crusade for Justice

Fought police brutality in Denver

Brown Berets

Founded 1967

Militant self defence

Organized school walkouts and wanted better education

Pan-Asian identity

 Asian united based on their shared experiences of racism in American Culture. The start of the Asian-American term.

Japanese Campaign for redress

Wanted an official apology for the interment of Japanese people during WW2

They won and got $1.25 billion towards the victims to about 70k Japanese American survivors

White backlash to racial justice movements of the era

They hate social policies that seem to overwhelming benefit minorites

Emergence of Color-blind ideology

BLM 

Started in 2013 with the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin. Made more wide spread with the death of George Floyd

How millennials feel towards BLM and the alt-right

More supportive to BLM than the alt-right

Standing Rock (#NODAPL)

Natives want their land protected from the Dakota Access Pipeline because it threaten the reservation’s water supply

Say Her Name

Gender inclusive racial justice campaign similar to BLM

Emergence of the concept of race

Race emerges in particular historical eras in conjugation with a specific set of social circumstances.

Conditions necessary for racial inequality (3 conditions)

Ethocentrism, the idea that one group is better than the other

Opportunity for exploitation, one group benefits while the other does not

Unequal power, luck based?

Blauner’s theory of internal colonialism

Colonized minorities have faced more severe forms of discrimination than immigrant minorities

Racialization of state policy

The various ways that gov. policies have impaired the ability of black Americans to accumulate wealth, while facilitating white wealth accumulation

Racial dictatorship

When most racial minorities are marginalized from the political process

Racial democracy

Where all racial groups share in our democracy and hold a minimum of political power.

Racial capitalism

The history of white supremeses ideals and the practice of empire extraction and exploitation.

“Indian” homogenization and polarization

Natives were thought to have been primitive but the early colonizers relied on them to survive..

Natives were grouped into one culture where they were deemed as savages?

Bio warfare and Natives

A lot of native Americans died to European diseases that were planted on purpose

Evidence of racialization of state policy? Noel's necessary conditions? Racial cap?

Government use of the military to get land, indian removal act.

Colonized thought they were superior.

Natives were used for their food and knowledge of the land.

Colonizers had guns?

Indian Removal Act

Andrew Jackson, 1830, moved tens of thousands of Natives to lands west of the Mississippi river. Natives fought in court and the supreme court ruled in their favor. But Jackson ignored it (Trail of Tears)

Why where African Americans enslaved?

Cheaper, better suited for the North American climate, harder to blend in when they escape, overall easier to slave compared to natives or whites.

Also established white superiority over other races.

Global slave trade

Lasted 400 years, America was part of 240

15 million west Africans were taken from their homes

The ships were horrible and the slaves often died on said ships.

The start of “white” and “black”

Chattel slavery

(New world) had people forcibly relocated, cultural genocide, and muti-generational

Ancient Slavery

Ancient slavery had people from conquered nations, prisoners, poor people. They could escape through wartime service or buy their freedom

Countries in the slave trade

Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Netherlands

Slave breeding

Slave women and men were used for breeding purposes to make more slaves.

Justified at the time because slaves were viewed as animals

Slave codes

Laws regarding slaves

Haitian revolution

1791-1804, Toussaint L’ Ouverture led the Haitian slaves to freedom against the French, British, and Spanish.

Struck fear in the slave owners in the western hemisphere.

Hidden transcript

The actions and interactions that happen outside the gaze of members of the dominant group that challenge the public transcript.

Public transcript

The actions and interactions that subordinate groups engage in while in the presence of the dominant group that make them appear to accept their subordination

Abolitionist movement

Tubman

Running away was the most common form of slave resistance.

Global abolition of slavery

13th amendment

Congress abolishing the international slave trade (1807)

1619 project, value of? Critiques?

1. Reframing American History around the legacy of slavery and the contributions of black Americans

2. Faced criticism for factual inaccuracies and ideological distortions

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican-American war, Mexico gave up a lot of land in the Americas, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado.

Racialization Process

Where a group is assigned a racial identity and placed on a social racial hierarchy. A ranking system where some races are privileged while others are discriminated against

Gender

A social construct, the norms and expectations associated with the behavior of men and women.

Sexuality

how people express themselves as sexual beings, from their identities, desires, and behaviors.

Gendered racism

Refers to the ways that gender is also raced: expectations for genders vary on racial lines.

Women of color were treated far worse than white women

Specific exploitation of slave women

Slave women bodies were not their own

Masters would exploit the slave women.

Status Hierarchies

How some groups are advantaged and other disadvantaged

Social construction of whiteness US and Brazil

Someone who is white in Brazil might not be classified as white in the US

White privilege

The rights, benefits and advantages enjoyed by white persons or the immunity granted to whites that is not granted to non-whites, exempts whites from certain liabilities others are burdened with.

Unacknowledged not invisible

White fragility

refers to when even a minimal of racial stress results in the defensiveness, (anger, fear, guilty) or wide range of behaviors (Silence, arguments, leaving the situation)

Agency

The extent of which groups have the ability to define their own status

Structure

restrictions that are placed on one’s options

Pluralism

The native language is spoken and so the dominant language as well to better conform into the mainstream culture

Assimilation

acceptance of Anglo culture at the loss of the native culture

Groups that became white

Irish, Jewish, and Mexican Americans

Psychological Wage

White workers received a psychological boost from simply not being black.

Becoming white and passing

Passing is for an individual, African Americans who were light skinned enough passed as white

The former is a group phenomena

White ethnicity

White americans who are not Anglo-saxon protestant, but rather Irish, southern european, eastern european, and are not protestant

Ethnic enclaves

A community of a certain race/ethnicity, where all the businesses cater to that race/ethnicity

Ethnic revival

In the 1970s, whites started to embrace their heritage

Symbolic ethnicity

Celebration of American ethnic heritage through leisure time activities (st pattys, st joephs)

Intersectionality

The ways that different systems of oppression intersect and interact to make unique forms of oppression

Racial Socialization

People of color are taught that their race matter, by pretty much everyones.

White racism

The socially organized set of attitudes, ideas, and practices that deny African Americans and other people of color the dignity, opportunities, freedoms, and rewards that this nation offers to white Americans.

Racial Ideologies of colorblindness

We ignore racism

We ignore white privilege

We perceive whiteness as the norm

White racial identity

Stage 1, No contact with POC’s

Stage 2, learning about race and privilege

Stage 3, Pointing out the inequalities

Institutional privilege

the advantages people accumulate through white privilege that take from of customs, norms, traditions, laws, and public policies that benefit whites.

Challenging of whites privilege

Activists

Economics

Guilt

Racial resentment

The belief that racial minorities are undeserving of government benefit because they refuse to live up to American values.

COVID and Race

• Minorites were infected more than whites

• Minorites make up the majority of essential jobs

• Increase in Asian hate

• Minorities were affected by unemployment more

Sociology

the study of group life, society, social interactions, and human social behavior.