AP Biology Unit 4.1-4.4

Endocrine

cell targets communication with distant cells, using the bloodstream to transport signal molecules

Paracrine

cell targets communication with another nearby cell

Autocrine

cell targets for communication with itself

Contact-Dependent (Juxtacrine)

cell must physically interact with the nearby cell in order to send signal molecules

short-distance communication

What type of communication sends out local regulatory ligands?

long-distance communication

What type of communication sends ligands off a different type, or that are in a different area?

B-Cell Activation

produces plasma cells and memory B-cells, with both produce anitgens that fight off viruses

neurotransmitters

What are the ligands in synaptic signalling?

Endocrine

What type of signaling is used when two cells are different types?

paracrine

What type of signaling is used with quorum sensing?

the antibodies can be produced by the memory b-cells before it can escalate

Why doesn’t a second exposure of the same virus lead to an infection?

the calcium influx to the axon, along with its electrical charge, cause the release of neurotransmitters, and they the target cell to either continue with or stop the action potential.

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from their vesicles and what effect does it have on the target cell?

Reception

detecting a ligand outside of the cell

proteins need a membrane receptor because of their hydrophilic nature, but lipids can travel easily through because they are hydrophobic.

What is the difference between protein- and lipid-based ligands in reagrds to membrane travel?

Transduction

converting a signal to produce a cellular response

to enhance and amplify the signal from the ligand

What is the purpose of the Phosphorylation Cascade?

the genes that are used to product proteins can be turned on and off.

How is protein synthesis regulated in a cell?

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

What is the most common cell membrane receptor?

epinephrine

What neurotransmitter controls the fight or flight instinct?

energy

What does hepatic glycogen hydrolysis produce?

homeostasis

What process allows organisms to maintain a constant, internal environment, regardless of changes in external stimuli?

they allow for organisms to recycle unused cells

How does apoptosis allow for organism survival?