EML Ch. 9 - Obstetrics and Neonatology

gamete

mature germ cell (ovum or sperm)

conception

beginning of pregnancy; when sperm enters ovum; normally occurs in fallopian tubes

fertilization

aka conception

zygote

cell formed by union of sperm and ovum

embryo

unborn offspring in stage of development from implantation of zygote to end of 8th week of pregnancy; period is characterized by rapid growth

fetus

unborn offspring from beginning of 9th week to birth

gestation

development of a new individual from conception to birth

pregnancy

aka gestation

gestation period

duration of pregnancy; normally 38-42 weeks; can be divided into trimesters

implantation

embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining; process usually begins about 7 days after fertilization and continues for several days

placenta

structure that grows on the wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows nourishment of the fetus

amniotic sac

membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery

chorion

outermost layer of fetal membrane

amnion

innermost layer of the fetal membrane

amniotic fluid

fluid w/in amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus

umbilicus

marks site of attachment of umbilical cord to fetus

AB

termination of pregnancy by expulsion of embryo or fetus from uterus before viability, usually before 20 weeks

spontaneous abortion

miscarriage

Induced abortion

intentional termination of pregnancy by medical or surgical intervention

abrubtio placentae

premature separation of placenta from uterine wall

eclampsia

severe complication and progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion; potentially life-threatening disorder

ectopic pregnancy

pregnancy occurring outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube

placenta previa

abnormally low implantation of placenta on uterine wall, completely or partially covering the cervix. dilation of cervix can cause separation of placenta from uterine wall, resulting in bleeding

preeclampsia

abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high BP and proteinuria, but with no convulsions. Cause is unknown.

cleft lip or palate

congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present

coarctation of the aorta

congenital stenosis in the arch of the aorta

congenital CMV infection

herpes-type virus that crosses the placenta. Symptoms in newborns may include jaundice, microcephaly, developmental delay, and hearing loss; some infants may have no symptoms

congenital heart disease

heart abnormality present at birth

Down syndrome

genetic condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality characterized by varying degrees of intellectual, developmental, and physical disorders or defects

trisomy 21

aka Down syndrome

erythroblastosis fetalis

condition of the newborn characterized by hemolysis of erythrocytes; usually caused by incompatibility of infant’s and mother’s blood, occurring when mother’s blood is Rh - and baby’s is Rh +

esophageal atresia

congenital absence of part of the esophagus

FAS

condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by mother during pregnancy. Various birth defects may be present, including CNS dysfunction and malformations of the skull and face

gastroschisis

congenital fissure of the abdominal wall that is not at the umbilicus. protrusion of the intestine is usually present

RDS

respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants; caused by immaturity of respiratory system resulting in compromised respiration

spina bifida

congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. If the meninges protrude through the opening, condition is called meningocele. Protrusion of both meninges and spinal cord is called meningomyelocele

cervical cerclage

suturing the cervix closed to prevent dilation and premature delivery

CS

birth of a fetus through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus

C-section

aka CS

IVF

method of fertilizing human ova outside the body and placing the zygote into the uterus

ART

Infertility management techniques that artificially combine both the ova and the sperm

assisted reproductive technology

ART

nuchal translucency screening

US test to check back of the fetal neck for extra fluid or thickening; usually performed between 11 and 13 weeks and, when combined with other 1st trimester blood tests, may reveal increased risk of Down syndrome or other congenital disorders

quad screen

blood test performed during second trimester measuring 4 hormone levels (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol and inhibin) and can indicate possibility of trisomy 21, trisomy 18, and neural tube defects like spina bifida. Abnormal result requires confirming diagnostic test like US or amniocentesis, and genetic counseling is important part of the workup

Apgar score

system for rapid neonatal assessment at 1 and 5 mins after birth. 5 vital criteria, including heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, response to stimulation, and color are assessed on a 0-2 scale, with a score of 7-10 being normal

CVS

prenatal test that takes a sample of the area of blood supply in the placenta either through the abdominal wall or the vagina. Usually performed between 10 and 13 weeks and tests for chromosome and other genetic problems. Has a small risk of miscarriage so is only performed during high-risk pregnancies or when a screening test is positive for an abnormality

colostrum

thin, milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and first days after birth before lactation begins

lochia

vaginal discharge after childbirth

quickening

first feeling of movement of the fetus in utero by the pregnant woman. Usually occurs between 16 and 20 weeks

midwife

individual who practices midwifery

midwifery

practice of assisting chilbirth

in vivo

w/in the living body

obstetrician

physician who specializes in obstetrics

obstetrics

medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium

breech presentation

birth position in which buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first

cephalic presentation

birth position in which any part of the head emerges first; most common presentation

in vitro

outside the body or in lab setting

lactation

secretion of milk

parturition

act of giving birth

puerperium

period from delivery until reproductive organs return to normal (~ 6 weeks)

congenital anomaly

abnormality present at birth

meconium

first stool of the newborn (greenish black)

gavage

process of feeding through a tube; used for critically ill newborns and others who are unable to swallow, unconscious, or too weak to eat

premature infant

infant born before 37 weeks

stillborn

born dead (death of fetus after 20 weeks)

cytomegalovirus

CMV

respiratory distress syndrome

RDS

fetal alcohol syndrome

FAS

chorionic villus sampling

CVS

abortion

AB

in vitro fertilization

IVF

cesarean section

CS

vaginal birth after cesarean

VBAC

obstetrics

OB

multipara

multip

primipara

primip

newborn

NB

date of birth

DOB

last menstrual period

LMP

expected/estimated date of delivery

EDD