Exam One MAME

The early 1980's discovery of Archaea as the third domain of life, was via use of

sequencing 16S rRNA genes from environmental DNA samples

the phrase _____ refers to the fact that the majority of natural aquatic bacteria will not grow in or on nutrient-rich media in the lab

Great Plate Anomaly

Chemoorganotrophs (heterotrophs)

organisms that obtain their energy from oxidation of organic material; use organic carbon for biomass synthesis and energy production

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes differ primarily in this way ______

having a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cell

Without growing them in the lab, how do we measure growth rates of oceanic bacteria? (Hint, this was discussed in one of the Frontiers "Kids" articles.)

estimate growth rates from genome codon redundancies

Which phrase best describes the relationship between a population of Vibrio fischeri (thebioluminescence-producing bacteria) and a Hawaiian bobtail squid?

mutualism

marine bacteria range in size from _____

~0.2 um to ~1.0 um

chlorophyll a is a pigment that is used by _____ to conduct photosynthesis

phytoplankton

the abundance (cells per mL of seawater) of large zooplankton is _____ the abundance of bacteria in seawater

less than

sensor

object with electronic components that record signals generated from environment around it

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical daughter cells (bacteria is reproduced by this)

gene

stretch of DNA sequence that encodes a protein

The standard genetic codon chart was shared in Canvas in the reading discussion pointsdocument. Some of these codons were also shown in a figure in the 2 nd reading. Which statement is TRUE?

for some amino acids, there is more than one 3-letter DNA sequence

approximately or slightly greater than 50% of the global ____ is performed by oceanic phytoplankton

primary production

T/F: most oceanic microbial processes are studied by examining numbers of cells growing on agar, colony appearance on agar and the appearance of cells viewed microscopically

false

microzooplankton vs microphytoplankton differ primarily in this way ____

capacity to perform photosynthesis (performing primary production)

which environmental parameter is the proper x-axis label for the figure below?

pH

eukaryotes

smbionts with photosynthetic microbes called zooxanthellae that produce oxygen, remove waste, and produce food

Shown below is an equation from ch2, the reaction proceeding left to right is primary production while the opposite reaction (CH2O to CO2) is _____

mineralization of organic material back to its inorganic constituents

which element is a trace biogenic element (micronutrient) that is important for diatoms but not necessarily important for other types of phytoplankton?

silicon (Si)

which compound or molecule in the basic photosynthesis/respiration equation is categorized as DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon?

CO2

which list of elements below are the major biogenic elements, essential for the composition of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and lipids?

C, H, N, O, P, and S

Assume the operational definition of "dissolved" would include proper use of GF/F filters (0.6 mm pore size) as described in ch 3. Examples of dissolved organic material (DOM) would then include...

amino acids, free nucleotides and simple sugars

Redfield Ratio

C:N:P 106:16:1

ribosomes are most abundant in _____

fast growing cells

the general biochemical composition of a typical rapidly growing bacterial cell includes >1000 unique protein molecules, 400 unique mRNA molecules and ____ molecules of DNA

1 or 2

acidophile

organism that grows best in low pH (<5)

ribosomes are used in which cellular process?

protein production (translation)

what % of the earth is ocean?

72%

biofouling

organisms grow on sensors and sampling platforms

phytoplankton

organisms that use light to grow, chlorophyll a measures how much in water

holistic sampling

every part of food web and environment are considered together

genome

collection of DNA in cell

genes

stretches of DNA that tell cell how to make protein

protein

molecules making up machinery of cell

mutualism

helping eachother

commensalism

only one person benefits

parasitism

harms others, helps self

microbes

all organisms that can be observed only with a microscope

chemoorganotrophs

microbes using organic compounds

floc

mixture of diff types of microbes attached to something

carotenoids

group of pigments used as a 'sunscreen', sometimes used as acessory pigment for photosynthesis

protein folding

sequence of AA's is dictated by DNA sequence

prokaryote chromosomes are _____

circular, in the cytoplasm of the cell, lengths ranging from 1 to 6 million bp

which micronutrient is very important for all types of cells, including phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria?

Fe

thermophile

organism that grows best at 45-80 C

what is the structural difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

thickness of the peptidoglycan layer

which type of organisms have linear chromosomes?

eukaryotes