C1.2 Cell Respiration

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27 Terms

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What is ATP?

ATP is the molecule that distributes energy in cells.

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What is the structure of ATP?

ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

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What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP?

ATP is converted to ADP and Pi, releasing a small amount of energy.

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Phosphorylation

ADP + Pi → ATP

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What is the role of ATP in life processes?

ATP is needed for synthesizing macromolecules, active transport, and cellular movement.

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What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

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What factors affect the rate of respiration?

Temperature and glucose/oxygen levels can affect the rate of respiration.

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What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?

NAD functions as an electron carrier, undergoing oxidation and reduction during respiration.

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What reaction occurs in glycolysis

Glucose (6C) is converted to pyruvate (3C)

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What are the byproducts of glycolysis?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

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Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol

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What occurs during the link reaction of aerobic respiration?

Pyruvate (3C) is oxidized and decarboxylated to form Acetyl CoA (2C)

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What are byproducts of the link reaction?

2 CO2 and 2 NADH

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Where does the link reaction occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

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What reaction occurs in Krebs Cycle?

Oxaloacetate (4C) + Acetyl CoA (2C) → Citrate (6C)

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How many of each product does the Krebs cycle produce for one glucose molecule?

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

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Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

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What transfers energy to the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain.

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How is the concentration gradient created at ETC?

Energy released from electrons is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (matrix → intermembrane space)

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What is the role of the proton gradient in ATP synthesis?

The proton gradient created during electron transport is used to synthesize ATP through chemiosmosis.

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What protein is used to generate ATP?

ATP synthase (integral protein performing oxidative phosphorylation)

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What is the final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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How many ATP are produced in total during cellular respiration?

A total of 38 ATP are produced: 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs Cycle, and 34 from oxidative phosphorylation.

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What occurs after glycolysis in anaerobic conditions?

Fermentation

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What are products of fermentation?

Lactate or ethanol

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What are byproducts of fermentation?

NAD+ and CO2

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Where does fermentation occur?

In the cytoplasm