Macroevolution

types of macroevolutionary processes

reproductive isolation

speciation

convergent/divergent evolution

reproductive isolation

mechanism that prevents mating (and therfore gene flow)

two types of reproductive isolation

post zygotic and pre zygotic

post zygotic reproductive isolation

hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility

pre zygotic reproductive isolation

ecological, temporal, behavioral, gametic, mechanical

speciation

genetic divergence of populations over time leading to the formation of new species

non branching evolution

ancestral population changes gradually (species does not change)

branching evolution

ancestral population splits and devleops into distinct species

allopatric speciation

physical barrier divides a single population into two or more isolated groups, stopping gene flow and leading to the formation of new species over time

sympatric speciation

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both groups continue to inhabit the same geographic region

divergent evolution

shared ancestor with similar structures grow apart due to speciation and adaptation from different environments

homologous traits

similarity in strucutre/development because of descent from common ancestor

divergent evolution

convergent evolution

non related spcies have similar functions due to similar environments

analagous traits

structure/development are similar in appearnce but evolved separately

convergent evolution

phylogenetics

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

three domains

eukarya, bacterio, archaea

bacteria

simple cell, all environments

archaea

simple cell, live in extreme conditions

eukarya

complex cells with organelles, multicellular organisms

mutation

chanes in DNA sequences

causes of mutation

replicatoin errors, environmental factors, infection/virus