NURS 232: Didactic Quiz/"Mini-Exam" 5- Musculoskeletal

What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system?

To provide structure and movement for the human body.

How many bones are in the human musculoskeletal system?

206 bones.

What are three major functions of the musculoskeletal system besides movement and support?

It protects organs, produces red blood cells, stores fat and minerals, and generates body heat.

What are the four basic shapes of bones?

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

What type of tissue composes bones?

Osseous tissue.

What are the two structural arrangements of osseous tissue?

Dense, smooth compact bone and cancellous, spongy bone with many small open spaces.

What are the major functions of bones?

Provide a framework, protect structures, act as levers for movement, store fat and minerals, and produce blood cells.

What is skeletal muscle?

Muscle composed of elongated muscle fibers arranged in striated bands that attach to skeletal bones.

Are most skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

Most skeletal muscles are voluntary and under conscious control.

What are the three major functions of skeletal muscle?

Movement, maintaining posture, and generating body heat.

What is a joint?

The point where two or more bones meet.

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Fibrous joint

A joint in which bones are joined by fibrous tissue, such as skull sutures.

Cartilaginous joint

A joint in which bones are joined by cartilage, such as the vertebrae.

Synovial joint

A joint in which bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Why do synovial joints allow extensive movement?

Their structure provides a fluid-filled joint cavity and permits tremendous freedom of movement.

What type of joints are all joints of the limbs?

Synovial joints.

Ligament

A flexible band of tissue that attaches bone to bone.

What is the primary function of ligaments around synovial joints?

To reinforce and strengthen the joint.

Bursa

A small synovial fluid-filled sac that helps protect structures from friction.

Tendon

A tough fibrous band that attaches muscle to bone or muscle to muscle.

What is a tendon sheath?

A fluid-filled structure that protects a tendon from continuous friction.

What structures should the nurse assess around a joint?

The joint, range of motion, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bursae.

Plane joint

A synovial joint that permits gliding movement.

Hinge joint

A synovial joint that primarily permits flexion and extension.

Pivot joint

A synovial joint that permits rotation around an axis.

Condyloid joint

A synovial joint that permits movement in multiple directions without true axial rotation.

Saddle joint

A synovial joint with saddle-shaped articulating surfaces that permits multiple movements.

Ball-and-socket joint

A synovial joint allowing movement in many directions, including rotation.

Gliding

Movement in which relatively flat joint surfaces slide across one another.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two bones.

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the foot upward toward the lower leg.

Plantar flexion

Movement of the foot downward away from the lower leg.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Circumduction

Circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Rotation

Movement in which a body part turns around its longitudinal axis.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm and hand so the palm faces upward/anteriorly.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm and hand so the palm faces downward/posteriorly.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward toward the midline.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward away from the midline.

Protraction

Movement of a body part forward.

Retraction

Movement of a body part backward.

Elevation

Movement of a body part upward.

Depression

Movement of a body part downward.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb toward the fingers.

What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

The joint between the mandible and temporal bone of the skull.

Where is the TMJ located?

Just anterior to the external auditory meatus at the level of the tragus.

What functions does the TMJ allow?

Speaking and chewing.

What movements occur at the TMJ?

Opening/closing, protraction/retraction, and side-to-side movement of the lower jaw.

What type of joint is the shoulder?

A ball-and-socket joint.

What bones form the shoulder joint?

The head of the humerus articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula.

What structures support the shoulder?

The rotator cuff, a network of tendons and muscles, and ligaments.

What are the major landmarks of the shoulder?

Scapula, acromion process, greater tubercle of the humerus, and coracoid process.

What is the function of the subacromial bursa?

It allows the arm to abduct smoothly and easily.

What is normal shoulder abduction?

180 degrees.

What is normal shoulder adduction?

50 degrees.

What is normal shoulder horizontal forward flexion?

180 degrees.

What is normal shoulder horizontal backward extension?

50 degrees.

What is normal shoulder circumduction?

360 degrees.

What is normal shoulder external rotation?

90 degrees.

What is normal shoulder internal rotation?

90 degrees.

What type of joint is the elbow?

A hinge joint.

What bones articulate at the elbow?

The humerus, radius, and ulna.

What are the major elbow landmarks?

The medial and lateral epicondyles and olecranon process.

What is the olecranon bursa?

A bursa located between the olecranon process and the skin.

Where does the ulnar nerve travel at the elbow?

Between the medial epicondyle and olecranon process.

What elbow movement allows the forearm and hand to rotate palm-up?

Supination.

What is normal elbow flexion?

160 degrees.

What is normal elbow extension?

160 degrees.

What is normal elbow supination?

90 degrees.

What is normal elbow pronation?

90 degrees.

How many carpal bones are in each wrist?

Eight carpal bones.

How are the carpal bones arranged?

In two rows of eight short bones connected by ligaments.

Which carpal bones articulate with the distal radius?

The scaphoid and lunate in the proximal row.

What is normal wrist extension?

70 degrees.

What is normal wrist flexion?

90 degrees.

What is normal wrist hyperextension?

30 degrees.

What is normal radial deviation?

20 degrees.

What is normal ulnar deviation?

55 degrees.

What joints are found in the hand and fingers?

Metacarpophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints.

What is normal finger abduction?

20 degrees.

What is normal finger flexion?

90 degrees.

What is normal finger hyperextension?

30 degrees.

What is normal finger circumduction?

360 degrees.

What are the major movements of the thumb?

Extension, flexion, and opposition.

What is normal thumb flexion?

80 degrees.

What type of joint is the hip?

A ball-and-socket joint.

What bones form the hip joint?

The rounded head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the pelvic bone.

Why is the hip less mobile than the shoulder?

It is surrounded by structures that contribute to greater strength and stability.

What are major hip landmarks?

Iliac crest, greater trochanter of the femur, and anterior inferior iliac spine.

What is normal hip extension?

90 degrees.

What is normal hip hyperextension?

15 degrees.

What is normal hip flexion with the knee flexed?

120 degrees.

What is normal hip flexion with the knee extended?

90 degrees.

What is normal hip internal rotation?

40 degrees.

What is normal hip external rotation?

45 degrees.

What is normal hip abduction?

45 degrees.

What is normal hip adduction?

30 degrees.

What bones make up the knee joint?

The patella, femur, and tibia.