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Peers

Children or adolescents who are about the same age or maturity level

Benefits of peers

• Source of social support

• Serve as a source as a comparison

• Source of experimentation and feedback

Not all peer interactions are healthy

• Childhood depression

• Feelings of loneliness

• Suicide

• Negative Peer Influence

Peer conforminty

When individuals adopt the attitudes or behaviors of other bc of real or imagined pressure from them

Friendships

• companionship

• stimulation

• physical support

• ego support

• social comparison

• intimacy/affection

Peer Delinquency →

Delinquency

Texas Highschool Dropouts

• Break down by sex

  • F: 44.9%

  • M: 55.1%

• Race and Ethnicity

  • Hispanic: 59%

  • AA: 22.2%

  • White: 16.2%

  • Other 2.6%

School failure and delinquency

• School Failure

  • direct cause of delinquent behavior

  • Leads to emotional and psychological problems

• School failure and delinquency share common correlation

What problems occur in public schools that add to the negative atmosphere

• Student victimization

• Gang Violence

• Peer Pressure

  • Alcohol and drug abuse

  • Sex

    • By peers

    • By teachers

Student Vicitmization

• Suicides the 3rd leading cs of death ages 10-24

• Inaction makes a person a bully

• The largest group of cyber-bullying victims and offenders are school-aged children

• Bullying is keeping kids away from school

  • 160,000

Reducing School Crime

• 0 tolerance policy

• School security efforts

  • Access control

  • Control lighting

  • Gates

  • Picture IDs

  • Control backpacks

  • Random checks

  • Security Cameras

• Law Enforcement

• Improving School Climate

Why do youths takes drugs

• Social disorganization

• Peer Pressure

• Family Factors

• Genetic Factors

• Emotional Problems

• Problem behavior syndrome

• Rational Choice

Social Disorganization

Poverty, disorganized urban environment

Peer Pressure

Associating with youth who take drugs

Family Factors

Poor family life/harsh punishment/ neglect

Genetic Factors

Parents abuse drugs

Emotional Problems

Feelings of inadequacy: blaming others 4 failure

Problem behavior syndrome

Drug use is just one of many problem behaviors

Rational Choice

Perceived benefits, relaxation, greater creativity

Pathways to Drug Abuse

• Alcohol “gateway” drug

• Adolescents who distribute small amounts of drugs

• Adolescents who frequently sell drugs

• Teenage drug dealers who commit other delinquent acts

• Losers and burnouts

• Persistent offenders

Explaining drug use and deliquency

• What is the direction of Conrelations?

  • drug use → delinquency

  • delinquency → drug use

  • alt. factor → both

How do we try to control drug abuse

• Drug control strategies

  • Law Enforcement

  • Education

  • Community Efforts

  • Treatment

  • Harm Reduction

DCS: Law Enforcement

• Source control

• border control

• targeting dealers

• Focusing on dealers

DCS: Education

• Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

• National youth anti0drug media campaign

DCS: Community efforts

Boys clubs of America

S.M.A.R.T. moves

DCS: Treatment

• Multisystemic therapy (MST)

• Outdoor/wilderness camps

• Group therapy

• Residential programs and therapeutic communities

DCS: Harm Reduction

• Effects to minimize the harmful effects causes by drug use

  • Ex

    • Needle exchange programs

    • Methadone clinics

Characteristics of a dysfunctional families

• Secrets

• Poor communication Patterns

• Boundary Problems

• Enmeshments

• Stiffed feelings

• Lack of freedom and power

• System rules

• Rigid Roles

• Closed off

• Inability to be real

• Needs not being met

Families can cause delinquency

• Disrupted by spousal conflict

  • Domestic violence

  • Divorce

  • Mental/ physical/verbal abuse

• Involved in interpersonal conflict

• Negligent parents

• Abusive parents

• Deviant family members

Break up of family

• Associated w conflict, hostility, and aggression

• Lack of suspension

• Weakened attachment

• Susceptibility of peer pressure

Blended Families

• Less stable

• Conflict

• Neglect

• Feelings of rejection and jealously

Family Conflict

• Emotional disturbance

• Behavior problems

• Feel aggression pays off

• Repeat the cycle

• Feelings of neglect

• Children display high levels of hostile detachment

Deviant Family Members

• Powerful influence on delinquency beh.

• Disrupts the family role as agent of social control if parent is deviant

• Close relationships not formed

• Children learn what they live

• Quality of family life is poot

• Deviant parents use harsh and inconsistent discipline

Solutions to family delinquency

• Community centers

• Family counseling

• Crackdown on parents who commit crime

• Offer guidance at school

Prevention of Deliquency

• A healing home environment

  • Mother children behavior

  • Reliably discipline

  • Love and support

  • Teach empathy

  • Avoid overly harsh punishment

• Primary prevention during preschool years

• Broad-based approaches

• Interventions that

  • Target more than 1 risk factor

  • Last for a relatively long period of time

  • Are implemented early in life

Influence of single parent families

• Economic conditions

• Socialization

• “Bad neighborhoods”

• Response of officials

Risk Factors

• Early conduct problem

• Not out-growing aggressiveness by early adolescence

• Serious of juvenile offense

• Poor educational performance

• conduct problems and other disabilities in elementary school years

• Family variables

Family Variables

• Poor supervision

• Parents’ rejection of the child

• Parental criminality

• Parental aggressiveness

• Martial conflict

What does not work to rehabilitate juvenile offenders

• Desk/office probation casework

• Diagnostic assessments and or referral only

• b-mod for complex behaviors

• General discussion groups

• School attendance alone

• Occupational orientation

• Field trips

• Work programs

• Insight and oriented counseling

• Psychodynamic counseling

• Therapeutic camping

What does work to rehabilitate juvenile offenders

• Programs using beh. and life skills approaches

• Diversions of offenders from the jj system

• “Appropriate” interventions

  • Reflect 3 psychological principles

    • Deliver of service to high risk factors

    • Targeting of delinquency risk factors

    • Use of styles and modes of treatment (matching)

• Programs within multiple components

How are diversion programs effective?

• The younger the diversion client, the more likely the intervention will have a positive effect

• the greater the # of contact hours between the client and service worker, the greater the positive effect

• Impact on the system

  • Net widening = higher # of jj youths

What works w/ violent and chronic juv. offenders

• Intensive supervision vs incarceration

• Research found no difference: serve the same

Connection between juv. and adult criminal careers

• Status and minor offenses do not equal more serious crime

• Shift from property crimes to personal crimes of violence may occur during adolescence

• Age of onset is single best predictor

• Chronic offenders commit crimes with increased

  • frequency

  • seriousness

  • versatility in offending

Juvenile sex offender typology

• Life course persistent

• Adolescent-limited, non-paraphilic

• Early adolescent onset, paraphilic

  • highest risk for committing another sex crimes and continuing into adult life

Assessing juveniles

• Assessment must be developmentally appropriate

• Attention should be paid to other psychiatric problems

• Record reviews

• In depth clinical, social, education, and sexual histories

• Psychological test

Recidivism

• Sexual rec. rates for juvie sex offender are low

• In general, juvie sex offenders reoffend at a lower rate than adults

• Juvie sex offenders who do reoffend are more likely to reoffend in non-sexually ways

Uniform crime report

2019

• Juveniles

  • 14.2% of all rape arrests

  • 17.6% of all arrests for other sex offenses

  • 9.4% of all arrests for any offenders

• Males

  • 98.4% of rape arrest were males

    • 13.7 were juvenile males

  • 92.5 of all arrest for other sex offenses were male

    • 15.7 were juv. males

  • 73.7 of all arrests for any offenses were males

    • 9 were juv. males

General info about sex off.

• Heterogenous

• Low rates of recidivism

• Most ppl know a sex offender

• you cannot tell a sex offender just by looking at them

Common misconception about juvenile sex off.

• Will become adult sex offenders

• Are just like adult sex offenders

• Juv. and adult sex off. need long-term intensive therapy

• require residential treatment in secure facilities

Who are juvenile sex offenders

no demographic profile

Victims of sex assault

• Males and females

• Family and friends (opposed to strangers)

• other juveniles (do target adults)

Differences between juveniles and adult offenders

• Adults

  • more likely to be diagnosed with a paraphilia

  • more victims

  • more compulsive

• Juveniles

  • less likely to be diagnosed w/ a paraphilia

  • less victims

  • less compulsive

paraphilia

mental disorders characterized by sexual fantasizes, urges, or behaviors involving non-human objects, suffering or humiliation, children or other non-consenting person