Untitled Flashcard Set

Nutrient

Provides materials and energy needed for body functions.

Macronutrient

Provides energy and building materials in large amounts.

Micronutrient

Supports body processes in small amounts.

Carbohydrate

Provides a major source of quick energy.

Protein

Builds and repairs tissues and helps make enzymes and hormones.

Lipid

Stores long-term energy and helps form cell membranes.

Vitamin

Supports specific metabolic and cellular processes.

Mineral

Supports structures and metabolic functions.

Water

Supports chemical reactions, transport, and temperature regulation.

Fiber

Helps move material through the digestive tract.

Monosaccharide

Provides simple units used to make larger carbohydrates.

Disaccharide

Provides carbohydrate energy after being broken into monosaccharides.

Polysaccharide

Stores energy or provides structural support.

Glucose

Provides energy for cellular respiration.

Starch

Stores glucose in plants.

Glycogen

Stores glucose in animals.

Cellulose

Provides structural support in plant cell walls.

Amino acid

Acts as a building block of proteins.

Peptide bond

Links amino acids together.

Polypeptide

Forms the chain that folds into a protein.

Protein

Performs structural, transport, enzymatic, and regulatory functions.

Essential amino acid

Must be obtained through the diet.

Triglyceride

Stores long-term energy.

Fatty acid

Forms part of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Glycerol

Forms the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Phospholipid

Forms the main structure of cell membranes.

Saturated fat

Provides stored energy and contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated fat

Provides stored energy and contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Cholesterol

Helps maintain cell membranes and is used to make hormones and vitamin D.

Enzyme

Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Substrate

Binds to an enzyme so a chemical reaction can occur.

Active site

Binds the substrate and carries out the enzyme reaction.

Activation energy

Represents the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction.

Denaturation

Changes a protein's shape and can prevent it from functioning.

Amylase

Breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.

Pepsin

Breaks proteins into smaller peptides in the stomach.

Lipase

Breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Protease

Breaks proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.

Maltase

Breaks maltose into glucose.

Digestive system

Breaks food down, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

Ingestion

Brings food into the digestive tract.

Digestion

Breaks food into smaller molecules.

Mechanical digestion

Physically breaks food into smaller pieces.

Chemical digestion

Uses enzymes and chemicals to break molecules apart.

Absorption

Moves nutrients from the digestive tract into blood or lymph.

Egestion

Removes undigested material from the digestive tract.

Mouth

Begins mechanical and chemical digestion.

Teeth

Mechanically break food into smaller pieces.

Tongue

Moves food and helps form a bolus.

Salivary gland

Produces saliva containing digestive enzymes.

Saliva

Moistens food and begins carbohydrate digestion.

Salivary amylase

Begins starch digestion.

Pharynx

Directs food toward the esophagus.

Epiglottis

Covers the airway during swallowing.

Esophagus

Moves food toward the stomach.

Peristalsis

Pushes food through the digestive tract.

Stomach

Stores food and begins major protein digestion.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Creates acidic conditions for stomach digestion.

Chyme

Carries partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine.

Pepsin

Digests proteins in the stomach.

Small intestine

Completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients.

Duodenum

Receives chyme, bile, and pancreatic secretions.

Jejunum

Performs much nutrient absorption.

Ileum

Continues nutrient absorption and absorbs bile components.

Villi

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Microvilli

Further increase intestinal absorption surface area.

Large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces.

Rectum

Stores feces before elimination.

Anus

Controls elimination of feces.

Liver

Produces bile and processes absorbed nutrients.

Bile

Emulsifies fats into smaller droplets.

Gallbladder

Stores and releases bile.

Pancreas

Releases digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

Pancreatic bicarbonate

Neutralizes acidic chyme.

Pancreatic amylase

Digests carbohydrates.

Pancreatic lipase

Digests fats.

Pancreatic proteases

Digest proteins.

Respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Nasal cavity

Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air.

Pharynx

Provides a passageway for air.

Larynx

Provides an airway and contains vocal structures.

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the airway.

Trachea

Carries air toward the bronchi.

Bronchus

Carries air into each lung.

Bronchi

Branch airways leading into the lungs.

Bronchiole

Carries air deeper into the lungs.

Alveolus

Provides the site of gas exchange.

Alveoli

Provide a large surface area for gas exchange.

Diaphragm

Changes thoracic volume to drive breathing.

Intercostal muscles

Move the ribs during breathing.

Pleura

Reduces friction around the lungs.

Inhalation

Brings air into the lungs.

Exhalation

Moves air out of the lungs.

Gas exchange

Moves oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion.

Diffusion

Moves molecules from higher to lower concentration.

External respiration

Exchanges gases between alveoli and blood.

Internal respiration

Exchanges gases between blood and body tissues.

Vital capacity

Represents the maximum amount of air expelled after maximum inhalation.

Circulatory system

Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and heat.

Heart

Pumps blood throughout the body.