Skeletal System: Bones and Joints

ANAPHY Module 4 and 5

Periosteum

dense connective tissue around bone's outer surface

Endosteum

membrane that lines medullary cavity

Osteoblast

Bone building cells; produces bone matrix

Ossification

Process of bone formation by osteoblasts

Bone Matrix forms (?)

Bone Mass

Marrow

Spaces between trabeculae

Osteocytes

Regulates mineral deposition and chemistry at the bone matrix

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Major types of bones (?)

Compact Bone & Spongy Bone

Other name for Compact Bone (?)

Cortical bone

Other name for Spongy Bone (?)

Cancellous bone

Diaphysis

central shaft; compact bone tissue on outside

Epiphysis

ends; spongy bone

Articular Cartilage

covers the ends of epiphysis; reduces friction

Epiphyseal Plate

site of bone growth; between diaphysis and epiphysis

Medullary Cavity

center of diaphysis; spaces are filled with marrow

Red Marrow

location of blood forming cells; mainly in epiphysis of femur and humerus

Yellow Marrow

replaced the red marrow in adults; mostly fats

Two skeleton (?)

Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton bones (?)

80 bones

Appendicular Skeleton bones (?)

126 bones

Cranial bones (?)

6 bones

site PTFOES

P(parietal), T(temporal), F(frontal), O(occipital), E(ethmoid), S(sphenoid)

Osteon

functional unit of compact bone

Compact Bone

solid outer layer surrounding each bone

Spongy Bone

consists of interconnecting rods called trabeculae

Trabeculae have no (?)

no osteons, and central canal

Lamella

rings of bone matrix

Lacunae

spaces between Lamella

Canaliculi

passage where transport of nutrients and removal of waste products happens

Central Canal

center of osteon; contains blood vessels

Central Canal other name (?)

Haversian Canal

Bones of the human body (?)

206 bones

Palatine

roof of the oral cavity; separate the nasal cavity and nasopharynx from the mouth

Zygomatic

known as cheekbone; anterior to sphenoid bone

Vomer

forms the anterior half of the nasal septum

Maxilla

aka jawbone; contains superior teeth

Mandible

forms the lower jaw; contains inferior teeth

Auditory Ossicles

consist of 6 bones in total; 3 on each middle ear

Middle ear (?)

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Facial Bones consists of (?)

NILaPaZVMaMa

Site NILaPaZVMaMa

N(nasal bone), I(inferior nasal conchae), L(lacrimal), P(palatine), Z(zygomatic), V(vomer), M(maxilla), M(mandible)

Inferior nasal conchae

separate bone that form nasal conchae

Lacrimal Bone

small bone in the eye socket

Incomplete fracture

does not extend completely across the bone

Greenstick

incomplete fracture on the convex side of the curve of bone

Hairline

incomplete fracture; two sections of bone does not separate

Comminuted

complete fracture; bone breaks into more than two pieces

Impacted

one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment

Linear

fracture that runs parallel to the length of bone

Transverse

fracture at the right angles to the length of bone

Appositional Growth

process in which the bone increases in width or diameter

Bone Remodeling

removal of existing osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

Complete fracture

bone is broken into at least two fragments

Ethmoid Bone

2nd hardest to find in human bone; behind the nasal bone

Sphenoid Bone

hardest human bone to find

Facial Bones

Total of 14 - pair of nasal bone, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic, and maxilla, and 1 vomer and mandible bone

Palatine Components

Hard palate and Soft Palate

Spiral Fracture

take a helical course around the bone

Oblique Fracture

fracture that runs obliquely in relation to the length of bone

Dentate Fracture

have rough, toothed, broken ends

Stellate Fracture

have breakage lines radiating from a central point

Short Bones

bones of the wrist and ankle

Long Bones

bones of the upper and lower extremity

Flat Bones

relatively thin and flattened; provides strong barrier

Irregular Bones

allowing bending, flexing, and protection

Sesamoid Bone

embedded within a tendon or a muscle

Hyoid Bone

located above the adam’s apple; unpaired, u-shape; not part of skull; has no direct bony attachment to any bones

Suture

joint that unites bones of the skull

Frontal Suture

closes at 18-24 months

Posterior Suture

closes at 9-12 months

Cervical bones (?)

7 bones

Lumbar bones (?)

5 bones

Thoracic bones (?)

12 bones

Atlas

1st vertebrae, holds head; responsible for YES motion

Axis

2nd vertebrae, rotates head; responsible for NO motion

Sacrum

1 anatomical bone, 5 fused sacral vertebrae

Coccyx

1 anatomical bone, 4 fused; easily fracture