Exam 3 Photosynthesis, fermentation, cellular respiration.

What is potential energy?

Energy stored due to position or structure.

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion.

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

Biological catalysts, specific to substrates, lower activation energy, and reusable.

What is the "Lock and Key" model in enzymes?

The enzyme and substrate fit exactly like a key fits a lock.

What is the "Induced Fit" model in enzymes?

The enzyme adjusts its shape to fit the substrate.

What is activation energy?

The energy needed to start a reaction.

What’s the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs make their own food (plants), heterotrophs consume food (animals).

What is the equation for glucose metabolism?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytoplasm.

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t need oxygen and produces less ATP, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP.

What is fermentation in anaerobic respiration?

The process by which cells generate ATP without oxygen, resulting in lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol (in yeast).

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?

In the mitochondria.

What is the function of ATP synthase?

It makes ATP from ADP using the energy of an H+ gradient.

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis?

Sunlight.

Where does gas exchange occur in plants?

Through the stomata.

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

Chlorophyll breaks down, revealing other pigments like carotenoids.

What are other pigments in plants besides chlorophyll?

Carotenoids (orange/yellow) for protection and efficient light absorption.

How do plants survive in dark environments?

They use low-light pigments and may have large surface areas to capture light.

What happens in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH), and water is split to release oxygen.

What happens in the Calvin Cycle?

ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose (G3P).